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Many heavier elements with smaller binding energies per nucleon can decompose into more stable elements that have intermediate mass numbers and larger binding energies per nucleon—that is, mass numbers and binding energies per nucleon that are closer to the “peak” of the binding energy graph near 56. Sometimes neutrons are also produced. This decomposition of a large nucleus into smaller pieces is called fission. The breaking is rather random with the formation of a large...
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Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first manmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 by a transmutation reaction, the bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or with neutrons. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 atoms with high-speed α particles from a natural radioactive isotope of radium and observed...
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The process of converting very light nuclei into heavier nuclei is also accompanied by the conversion of mass into large amounts of energy, a process called fusion. The principal source of energy in the sun is a net fusion reaction in which four hydrogen nuclei fuse and ultimately produce one helium nucleus and two positrons.
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NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of one, the...
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All atomic particles possess an intrinsic angular momentum, or 'spin'. Electrons, protons, and neutrons each have a spin value of ½, although protons and neutrons in nuclei may have higher half-integer spins owing to energetic factors.
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The eukaryotic nucleus is a double membrane-bound organelle that contains nearly all of the cell’s genetic material in the form of chromosomes. It is rightly called the “brain” of the cell as it shoulders the responsibility of responding to various physiological processes, stress, altered metabolic conditions, and other cellular signals. 
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The Neutrons for Science Facility at SPIRAL-2.

X Ledoux1, M Aïche2, M Avrigeanu3

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The new Neutrons for Science (NFS) facility offers intense neutron fields for fundamental research and nuclear data. Its high-flux pulsed beams and irradiation stations open new experimental opportunities.

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Area of Science:

  • Nuclear Physics
  • Accelerator Science
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • The Neutrons for Science (NFS) facility is part of the SPIRAL-2 accelerator at GANIL, France.
  • It utilizes proton and deuteron beams to generate intense neutron fields.
  • NFS aims to provide advanced research capabilities in nuclear physics and related fields.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce the capabilities and potential applications of the NFS facility.
  • To highlight the novel neutron sources and irradiation stations available.
  • To emphasize the facility's role in advancing fundamental research and applied science.

Main Methods:

  • Production of continuous and quasi-mono-kinetic neutron energy spectra using deuteron beams on Be converters and 7Li(p,n) reactions.
  • Utilizing a pulsed neutron beam with significantly higher flux compared to existing time-of-flight facilities.
  • Offering irradiation stations for neutron-, proton-, and deuteron-induced reactions.

Main Results:

  • The NFS facility provides neutron beams in the 100 keV-40 MeV energy range.
  • It offers a pulsed neutron flux up to two orders of magnitude higher than other facilities.
  • Irradiation stations are available for cross-section measurements and testing of electronic devices and biological cells.

Conclusions:

  • The NFS facility represents a powerful new tool for fundamental physics research.
  • It will enable advancements in nuclear data measurements, nuclear waste transmutation, and reactor design.
  • Applications extend to nuclear medicine and the development of new detector technologies.