A critical approach to the toxic metal ion removal by hazelnut and almond shells

The adsorption capacity of ground hazelnut (HS) and almond (AS) shells towards Pb(II) and Cd(II) has been studied at pH = 5, in NaNO₃ and NaCl ionic media, in the ionic strength range 0.05-0.5 mol L^-1. Kinetic and equilibrium experiments were carried out by using the Differential Pulse Anodic Stripping Voltammetry technique to check the amount of the metal ion removed by HS and AS materials. Different kinetic and equilibrium equations were used to fit experimental data and a statistical study was done to establish the suitable model for the data fitting. A speciation study of the metal ions in solution was also done in order to evaluate the influence of the ionic medium on the adsorption process. TGA-DSC, FT-IR, and SEM-EDX techniques were used to characterize the adsorbent materials. The mechanism of metal ions adsorption was explained on the basis of the results obtained by the metal ions speciation study and the characterization of materials.