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Related Concept Videos

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

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Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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The cells of the blastocyst inner cell mass only remain pluripotent for a short time. This state of pluripotency and self-renewal can be maintained in embryonic stem (ES) cell culture by adding specific chemicals or growth factors to ensure the cells can continue dividing and later differentiate into different cell types. In some cases, the cells are grown on a feeder layer of differentiated cells, which provides the growth factors and extracellular matrix components necessary for stem cell...
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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore...
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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 17, 2026

Reprogramming Primary Amniotic Fluid and Membrane Cells to Pluripotency in Xeno-free Conditions
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Reprogramming to pluripotency does not require transition through a primitive streak-like state.

Stefanie Raab1, Moritz Klingenstein1, Anna Möller2

  • 1Institute of Neuroanatomy & Developmental Biology (INDB), Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Oesterbergstr. 3, 72074, Tuebingen, Germany.

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Summary

Direct reprogramming creates induced pluripotent stem cells without a primitive streak stage. This study shows induced pluripotency bypasses the embryonic mesendoderm development pathway.

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In vivo Reprogramming of Adult Somatic Cells to Pluripotency by Overexpression of Yamanaka Factors
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Area of Science:

  • Stem cell biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Developmental biology

Background:

  • Induced pluripotency (IP) involves reprogramming adult cells to a stem cell state using transcription factors.
  • The precise mechanisms of IP remain unclear, with some theories suggesting a reversal of embryonic development.
  • A primitive streak-like stage, marked by Eomesodermin (Eomes), is proposed as a necessary intermediate for mesendodermal reprogramming.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether induced pluripotency necessitates a primitive streak-like intermediate stage.
  • To determine if induced pluripotency recapitulates embryonic mesendodermal development.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of reprogramming in human and mouse cells (mesodermal and ectodermal origin).
  • Utilized marker gene analyses, genetic reporters, and conditional loss-of-function experiments.
  • Employed stable fate-labeling for the primitive streak marker Eomesodermin (Eomes).

Main Results:

  • Induced pluripotency was achieved without requiring a transient primitive streak-like stage.
  • Eomesodermin expression was not a mandatory intermediate in the reprogramming process.
  • Reprogramming efficiency was not dependent on the presence of an Eomes-expressing intermediate.

Conclusions:

  • Induced pluripotency does not require a primitive streak-like stage.
  • The process of induced pluripotency does not represent a reversal of in vivo mesendodermal development.
  • These findings clarify the mechanistic pathways of direct cellular reprogramming.