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Related Concept Videos

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The ureters are retroperitoneal tubes located on either side of the vertebral column. They are responsible for transporting urine from each kidney to the urinary bladder. These tubes have thick walls and are approximately 25-30 cm long. Their diameter is around 10 mm at the renal pelvis, gradually narrowing to 1 mm as the ureter obliquely enters the posterior bladder wall through the ureteric orifices. The shape of these orifices is slit-like, which helps to prevent urine backflow toward the...
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The lower urinary system consists of the urinary bladder and urethra, which are essential in storing and expelling urine from the body. Together with the internal and external sphincters, these structures work together to regulate urination effectively.Anatomy of the BladderThe urinary bladder is a muscular, stretchable organ behind the pubic bone and in front of the rectum. In females, the bladder is positioned anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus, while in males, it is located...
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Urethra01:16

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The urethra is a hollowed tubular organ through which urine is expelled from the body. This structure extends from the bladder to the external opening, allowing urine to be released.
The anatomy of the urethra differs between males and females. In females, the urethra is short, measuring about 3–4 cm in length, and opens anterior to the vaginal opening. In males, the urethra is longer and passes through the penis, serving dual purposes: expelling urine and ejaculating semen. The male...
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Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations01:26

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Renal calculi, commonly termed kidney stones, are crystalline solid masses that form in the kidneys but can occur at any point within the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.The pathophysiology of renal stones involves several key factors: supersaturation of the urine with stone-forming constituents, changes in urine pH, a decrease in urine volume, and the presence of substances that promote or inhibit stone formation.Supersaturation of Urine: This is the...
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Urinary Tract Infection II: Pathophysiology01:25

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The pathophysiology of urinary tract infections (UTIs) encompasses several progressive stages, beginning with bacterial colonization and culminating in potential systemic complications if untreated. UTIs are primarily initiated by bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, which often originate from the gastrointestinal tract and migrate to the urinary system through the periurethral area. This migration can occur via several routes, including improper hygiene practices, sexual activity, or...
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Anatomy of the Genitourinary System I: Kidneys and Ureters01:11

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System I: Kidneys and Ureters

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The upper urinary system comprises two kidneys and two ureters, which are crucial in filtering blood and forming urine.KidneysLocation and Structure:The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs positioned behind the peritoneum on either side of the spine.Kidneys are between the 12th thoracic (T12) and the 3rd lumbar (L3) vertebrae.The position of the liver causes the right kidney to sit slightly lower than the left.Protective Layers:Each kidney is enveloped in a tough, fibrous membrane called the...
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Updated: Feb 17, 2026

Urethroplasty with Pedicled Tunica Vaginalis for the Treatment of Long-segment Anterior Urethral Stricture Caused by Lichen Sclerosus of Glans Penis
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[IIA2-Y-type urethral duplication].

Mohammed Alae Touzani1, Othmane Yddoussalah1

  • 1Université Mohammed V, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie de Rabat, Hopital Ibn Sina, Service d'Urologie B, Rabat, Maroc.

The Pan African Medical Journal
|December 1, 2017
PubMed
Summary

This case report details a rare type IIA2-Y urethral duplication in a 32-year-old male with lifelong urinary leakage. Surgical excision confirmed the supernumerary urethra, highlighting diagnostic challenges.

Keywords:
Effmann and LebowitzMalformationduplicityurethra

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Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Pediatric Surgery
  • Congenital Malformations

Background:

  • Urethral duplications are rare congenital anomalies, classified by Effmann and Lebowitz into six types.
  • Type IIA2-Y duplications, originating from the bladder neck with ectopic perineal/anal insertion, are exceptionally uncommon.

Observation:

  • A 32-year-old male presented with chronic urinary leakage since childhood.
  • Clinical examination suggested a urethral fistula, but the patient's history refuted this diagnosis.
  • Micturating Retrograde Urethrocistography confirmed a duplicated urethral tract.

Findings:

  • Surgical exploration involved excising the duplicate urethra, guided by a hydrophilic guidewire to its prostatic anastomosis.
  • Histopathological examination of the surgical specimen confirmed the presence of a supernumerary urethra.

Implications:

  • This case highlights the diagnostic complexities of rare urethral duplications, particularly type IIA2-Y.
  • Successful surgical management underscores the importance of thorough investigation and tailored treatment approaches.
  • Further understanding of these rare anomalies can improve diagnostic accuracy and patient outcomes.