Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Chemical Agents for Microbial Control01:27

Chemical Agents for Microbial Control

956
Chemicals play important roles in controlling microbial growth by targeting microbial structures and functions as sanitizers, antiseptics, disinfectants, and sterilants.Alcohols are commonly used sanitizers, effectively disrupting lipid membranes, which compromises cell integrity. They are also used as antiseptics and disinfectants due to their rapid action and versatility.Phenols and their derivatives phenolics , known for denaturing proteins and disrupting cell membranes, are particularly...
956
Types of Toxins01:36

Types of Toxins

3.7K
Humans continually engage with an environment rich in potentially harmful chemicals. These are introduced to our bodies through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. These chemicals exist in various forms, such as air and environmental pollutants, agricultural chemicals, organic solvents, and heavy metals.
Air pollutants, primarily gases, pose significant threats to respiratory health, leading to conditions like hypoxia, lung cancer, and in extreme cases, death.
Environmental pollutants like...
3.7K
Toxic Reactions: Overview01:26

Toxic Reactions: Overview

2.4K
When toxic substances penetrate the human body, they disseminate to various tissues, undergoing metabolic changes. This process yields reactive metabolites that may covalently bind with specific target molecules, resulting in toxicity.
Toxicity falls into two primary categories: local and systemic.
Local toxicity appears at the exposure site, such as protein denaturation caused by caustic substances.
In contrast, systemic toxicity requires the toxic agent's absorption and distribution,...
2.4K
Effects of Chemicals: Overview01:27

Effects of Chemicals: Overview

2.3K
Drugs, encompassing various chemical compounds from natural sources, lab synthesis, or genetic engineering, elicit different biological responses in living organisms. Some of these responses are desirable or therapeutic, while others are undesirable. The primary goal of administering a drug is to achieve a therapeutic effect, that is, to address a specific disease or health condition. Any concurrent effects outside of this therapeutic outcome are considered undesirable. These undesirable...
2.3K
Targets for Drug Action: Overview01:26

Targets for Drug Action: Overview

10.6K
Drugs target macromolecules to modify ongoing cellular processes. Primary drug targets include receptors, ion channels, transporters, and enzymes.
Receptors are either membrane-spanning or intracellular proteins, which upon binding a ligand, get activated and transmit the signal downstream to elicit a response. Drugs bind receptors, either mimicking the action of endogenous ligands or blocking the receptor activity to bring about a modified response. Nearly 35% of approved drugs target the G...
10.6K
Spasmolytic Agents: Chemical Classification01:29

Spasmolytic Agents: Chemical Classification

1.3K
Spasmolytic agents are drugs used to alleviate muscle spasms and spasticity. They can be categorized into different chemical groups based on their mechanisms of action. Centrally acting spasmolytics primarily affect the spinal cord, while others directly target skeletal muscle cells.
A major class of centrally acting spasmolytics is the α2-agonist, such as tizanidine. These drugs bind to α2-adrenoceptors, inhibiting the release of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate. They also...
1.3K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

[Discussion paper: Digital falls prevention services for older adults].

Gesundheitswesen (Bundesverband der Arzte des Offentlichen Gesundheitsdienstes (Germany))·2026
Same author

Effects of jump training on power, strength, balance and aerobic performance in non-exercising young adults.

Frontiers in sports and active living·2026
Same author

Perturbation-based balance training on treadmills for falls prevention in older adults: a review of training protocols and reporting recommendations (ProRePBT).

BMC geriatrics·2026
Same author

Reliability of the adapted compensatory arm and leg movements scale during perturbation treadmill walking in older adults.

Frontiers in sports and active living·2025
Same author

A complex systems view on physical activity with actionable insights for behaviour change.

Nature human behaviour·2025
Same author

Examining Different Motor Learning Paradigms for Improving Balance Recovery Abilities Among Older Adults Random versus Block training: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial.

Gerontology·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 17, 2026

An Inverse Analysis Approach to the Characterization of Chemical Transport in Paints
08:42

An Inverse Analysis Approach to the Characterization of Chemical Transport in Paints

Published on: August 29, 2014

8.8K

Chemical warfare agents. Classes and targets.

Michael Schwenk1

  • 1Formerly: Medical School Hannover. Present address: In den Kreuzäckern 16/1, 72072 Tübingen, Germany.

Toxicology Letters
|December 4, 2017
PubMed
Summary

This review explores chemical warfare agents, detailing their toxic mechanisms. It highlights how specific receptors like TRPV1 and TRPA contribute to neurogenic inflammation, impacting toxicological understanding.

Keywords:
Chemical warfare agentChemical weaponNeurogenic inflammationTRPToxic

More Related Videos

Deposition of Porous Sorbents on Fabric Supports
05:58

Deposition of Porous Sorbents on Fabric Supports

Published on: June 12, 2018

7.0K
The Portable Chemical Sterilizer PCS, D-FENS, and D-FEND ALL: Novel Chlorine Dioxide Decontamination Technologies for the Military
14:17

The Portable Chemical Sterilizer PCS, D-FENS, and D-FEND ALL: Novel Chlorine Dioxide Decontamination Technologies for the Military

Published on: June 29, 2014

15.1K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 17, 2026

An Inverse Analysis Approach to the Characterization of Chemical Transport in Paints
08:42

An Inverse Analysis Approach to the Characterization of Chemical Transport in Paints

Published on: August 29, 2014

8.8K
Deposition of Porous Sorbents on Fabric Supports
05:58

Deposition of Porous Sorbents on Fabric Supports

Published on: June 12, 2018

7.0K
The Portable Chemical Sterilizer PCS, D-FENS, and D-FEND ALL: Novel Chlorine Dioxide Decontamination Technologies for the Military
14:17

The Portable Chemical Sterilizer PCS, D-FENS, and D-FEND ALL: Novel Chlorine Dioxide Decontamination Technologies for the Military

Published on: June 29, 2014

15.1K

Area of Science:

  • Toxicology
  • Chemical Warfare Agents
  • Molecular Mechanisms

Background:

  • Chemical warfare agents (CWAs) encompass synthetic toxicants and biological toxins.
  • Limited understanding of CWA mechanisms of action existed during their development.
  • Acute toxicity involves nonspecific cytotoxic actions or specific biomolecular interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To survey classes and toxicologically relevant features of CWAs.
  • To describe the mechanisms of toxic action for CWAs.
  • To highlight the role of chemosensors in CWA-induced effects.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of CWA classes and features.
  • Analysis of toxicological mechanisms.
  • Focus on receptor involvement in toxic action.

Main Results:

  • CWAs exhibit diverse toxicological profiles.
  • Mechanisms range from broad cytotoxicity to specific molecular targeting.
  • Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, including TRPV1 and TRPA, are implicated as chemosensors.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding CWA mechanisms is crucial for risk assessment and mitigation.
  • Specific molecular targets, like TRP channels, offer insights into neurogenic inflammation.
  • Further research into CWA interactions is vital for public health and security.