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Viral Mutations

Viral Mutations

A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...

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Updated: Feb 17, 2026

Production and Purification of Non Replicative Canine Adenovirus Type 2 Derived Vectors

Production and Purification of Non Replicative Canine Adenovirus Type 2 Derived Vectors

Published on: December 3, 2013

Viral enteritis in calves.

Diego E Gomez¹, J Scott Weese¹

¹Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1.

The Canadian Veterinary Journal = La Revue Veterinaire Canadienne

|December 6, 2017

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

The calf virome, including rotavirus and coronavirus, is crucial for gut health. Recent discoveries reveal new viruses potentially causing neonatal calf diarrhea (NCD), but their exact roles remain unclear.

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Area of Science:

Veterinary microbiology
Gastrointestinal virology

Background:

The gastrointestinal tract hosts a complex microbiome vital for calf health.
The virome, or viral component of the microbiome, is increasingly recognized for its role in neonatal calf diarrhea (NCD).
Established pathogens like rotavirus and coronavirus are linked to NCD, with vaccines available.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the role of various viruses in neonatal calf diarrhea (NCD).
To explore newly discovered viruses in calf fecal samples and their potential contribution to diarrhea.
To clarify the roles of different viruses as primary pathogens, co-infecting agents, or commensals.

Main Methods:

Sequence-based methods for viral discovery in calf fecal samples.
Epidemiological investigations to assess virus-diarrhea associations.
Analysis of viral roles in combination with other potential pathogens.

Main Results:

Several viruses beyond rotavirus and coronavirus, including torovirus, norovirus, nebovirus, astrovirus, kobuvirus, and enterovirus, have been identified in calf diarrhea cases.
Epidemiological studies have sought to link these viruses to diarrhea, individually or in conjunction with known pathogens.
Determining the precise contribution of these viruses to calf diarrhea remains challenging.

Conclusions:

The calf virome is complex and includes newly identified viruses implicated in NCD.
Further research is needed to definitively establish the pathogenic roles of these viruses.
Uncertainty persists regarding whether these viruses act as primary pathogens, co-infections, or commensals in neonatal calves.