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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting01:45

Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting

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Nuclear protein sorting regulates nucleus composition and gene expression, crucial for determining the fate of a eukaryotic cell. Hence, the entry and exit of molecules across the nuclear envelope is a tightly controlled process. Nuclear protein sorting can be inhibited by one of the following ways: 1) masking cargo signal sequences, 2) modifying the nuclear receptor's affinity for cargo, 3) controlling the nuclear pore size, 4) retaining the cargo during its transit to the cytosol or the...
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Nuclear protein sorting is the selective trafficking of histones, polymerases, gene regulatory proteins into the nucleus and exporting RNAs and ribosomes to the cytosol. It is a tightly controlled process that regulates gene expression within a cell.
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Nuclear Localization Signals and Import01:46

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Proteins targeted to the nucleus carry short stretches of amino acid sequences called the nuclear localization signal or NLS. Classical nuclear localization signals are of two types: monopartite and bipartite NLS. Monopartite classical NLS (cNLS) consists of a single cluster of 4-8 amino acids. Bipartite cNLS consists of two clusters of  2-3 amino acids and a 9-12 residue long proline-rich linker bridging the two clusters. Signal clusters are rich in positively charged amino acids such as...
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Nuclear Export01:42

Nuclear Export

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The nucleus restricts several proteins within and allows others to pass. The restricted proteins possess a nuclear retention sequence or NRS, anchoring them to the nuclear lamins and preventing their transport to the cytosol. The non-restricted proteins, after their synthesis, are transported to their site of action, such as the cytosol or other organelles, with the help of nuclear export signals or NES.
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The Nucleus01:25

The Nucleus

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The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that acts as a control center in a eukaryotic cell. It contains chromosomal DNA, which controls gene expression and precisely regulates the production of proteins within the cell. In contrast, the DNA inside the mitochondria and chloroplast only carries out functions that are specific to those organelles.
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The Nucleus01:32

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The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that acts as a control center in a eukaryotic cell. It contains chromosomal DNA, which controls gene expression and precisely regulates the production of proteins within the cell. In contrast, the DNA inside the mitochondria and chloroplast only carries out functions that are specific to those organelles.
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A Direct Force Probe for Measuring Mechanical Integration Between the Nucleus and the Cytoskeleton
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Forcing Entry into the Nucleus.

Alexis Lomakin1, Guilherme Nader2, Matthieu Piel2

  • 1King's College London, Guy's Campus, Centre for Stem Cells & Regenerative Medicine, 28th Floor, Tower Wing, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK; Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, 75005 Paris, France; Institut Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France.

Developmental Cell
|December 6, 2017
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Nuclear deformation affects gene transcription by altering the nuclear entry of YAP/TAZ. This study reveals how mechanical forces on the nucleus influence transport through nuclear pore complexes.

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Area of Science:

  • Cell biology
  • Biophysics
  • Molecular biology

Background:

  • Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) regulate transport between the nucleus and cytoplasm.
  • The concentration of transcription factors within the nucleus is critical for gene regulation.
  • Mechanical forces can influence cellular processes, but their impact on nucleocytoplasmic transport is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how mechanical forces, specifically nuclear deformation, affect the transport of transcription factors into the nucleus.
  • To elucidate the role of nuclear pore complex (NPC) stretching in modulating nucleocytoplasmic transport rates.
  • To clarify the mechanisms by which physical forces influence gene transcription via transcription factor nuclear entry.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized live-cell imaging techniques to observe nuclear deformation and NPC dynamics.
  • Employed biophysical methods to quantify the mechanical properties of the nucleus and NPCs.
  • Investigated the nuclear import of specific transcription factors, YAP/TAZ, under varying mechanical conditions.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated that nuclear deformation leads to the stretching of nuclear pore complexes.
  • Showed that nuclear pore complex stretching directly modulates the nuclear entry rates of YAP/TAZ.
  • Established a correlation between the degree of nuclear deformation and the efficiency of YAP/TAZ nuclear import.

Conclusions:

  • Nuclear deformation is a key regulator of nucleocytoplasmic transport.
  • The physical stretching of nuclear pore complexes provides a mechanism for force-dependent regulation of transcription factor localization.
  • These findings clarify how mechanical cues are integrated into gene transcription regulation.