[Immune checkpoint inhibitors and endocrinological side effects]

Immune checkpoint inhibitors including anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 and anti-programmed cell death-1 have revolutionized cancer therapy but have also induced serious immune-related adverse events including hormonal dysfunction. The objective of this review is to characterize the incidence, clinical presentation, management and prognosis of the endocrine-related adverse events including hypophysitis, thyroid dysfunction and diabetes mellitus. Combination therapy is associated with an increased risk of adverse events. We recommend close monitoring of the hormone levels and glycaemic status during and a year after treatment.