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X-ray Crystallography

X-ray Crystallography

The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...

$X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples$ 01:10

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples

X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
According to Bragg's law, when X-rays strike the sample positioned on a stage, the rays are scattered by the electron clouds around the sample atoms. The X-ray diffraction or scattering is caused by constructive interference of the X-ray waves that reflect off the internal...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 17, 2026

Small and Wide Angle X-Ray Scattering Studies of Biological Macromolecules in Solution

Small and Wide Angle X-Ray Scattering Studies of Biological Macromolecules in Solution

Published on: January 8, 2013

What Can We Learn from Wide-Angle Solution Scattering?

Yujing Wang¹, Hao Zhou¹, Emre Onuk¹

¹Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology

|December 9, 2017

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) extends small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) by providing detailed molecular structural insights. WAXS data reveals protein folding, dynamics, and conformational ensembles, complementing other biophysical methods.

Keywords:

Moderate throughput screening Molecular dynamics Protein structure SAXS Structural fluctuations WAXS

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$Studying Soft-matter and Biological Systems over a Wide Length-scale from Nanometer and Micrometer Sizes at the Small-angle Neutron Diffractometer KWS-2$

Studying Soft-matter and Biological Systems over a Wide Length-scale from Nanometer and Micrometer Sizes at the Small-angle Neutron Diffractometer KWS-2

Published on: December 8, 2016

Structural Studies of Macromolecules in Solution using Small Angle X-Ray Scattering

Structural Studies of Macromolecules in Solution using Small Angle X-Ray Scattering

Published on: November 5, 2018

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Last Updated: Feb 17, 2026

Small and Wide Angle X-Ray Scattering Studies of Biological Macromolecules in Solution

Small and Wide Angle X-Ray Scattering Studies of Biological Macromolecules in Solution

Published on: January 8, 2013

$Studying Soft-matter and Biological Systems over a Wide Length-scale from Nanometer and Micrometer Sizes at the Small-angle Neutron Diffractometer KWS-2$

Studying Soft-matter and Biological Systems over a Wide Length-scale from Nanometer and Micrometer Sizes at the Small-angle Neutron Diffractometer KWS-2

Published on: December 8, 2016

Structural Studies of Macromolecules in Solution using Small Angle X-Ray Scattering

Structural Studies of Macromolecules in Solution using Small Angle X-Ray Scattering

Published on: November 5, 2018

Area of Science:

Structural biology
Biophysics
X-ray scattering techniques

Background:

Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) provides low-resolution structural information.
Wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) offers higher resolution data, probing molecular details beyond SAXS.
Integrating WAXS enhances the scope of X-ray solution scattering analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

To highlight the utility of wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) in structural biology.
To demonstrate WAXS's capability in validating molecular models derived from various sources.
To showcase WAXS as a tool for investigating macromolecular structure, dynamics, and interactions.

Main Methods:

Collecting X-ray solution scattering data in the wide-angle regime (WAXS).
Predicting WAXS scattering patterns from atomic coordinate sets.
Utilizing WAXS for testing molecular models from crystallography, molecular dynamics (MD), cryo-electron microscopy, and ab initio modeling.

Main Results:

WAXS data provides insights into secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structural organization.
WAXS is sensitive to protein folding/unfolding, structural fluctuations, and conformational ensembles.
WAXS enables direct comparison with MD simulations and screening of ligand interactions.

Conclusions:

WAXS extends SAXS by providing complementary structural and dynamic information.
WAXS is crucial for detailed analysis of macromolecular structure and flexibility in solution.
WAXS offers unique capabilities for studying structural dynamics and molecular interactions.