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Related Concept Videos

Imaging Biological Samples with Optical Microscopy01:18

Imaging Biological Samples with Optical Microscopy

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Optical microscopy uses optic principles to provide detailed images of samples. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek designed the first compound optical microscope in the 17th century to visualize blood cells, bacteria, and yeast cells. In 1830, Joseph Jackson Lister created an essentially modern light microscope. The 20th century saw the development of microscopes with enhanced magnification and resolution.
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Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy or TIRF is an advanced microscopic technique used to visualize fluorophores in samples close to a solid surface with a higher refractive index, such as a glass coverslip. TIRF only allows fluorophores in proximity to the solid surface to be excited. When light from a medium with a lower refractive index (such as air) hits the glass coverslip at a critical angle, the light undergoes total internal reflection stead of passing through the glass.
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Light Acquisition02:16

Light Acquisition

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In order to produce glucose, plants need to capture sufficient light energy. Many modern plants have evolved leaves specialized for light acquisition. Leaves can be only millimeters in width or tens of meters wide, depending on the environment. Due to competition for sunlight, evolution has driven the evolution of increasingly larger leaves and taller plants, to avoid shading by their neighbors with contaminant elaboration of root architecture and mechanisms to transport water and nutrients.
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Tomography refers to imaging by sections. Computed tomography (CT) is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses computers to analyze several cross-sectional X-rays to reveal minute details about structures in the body.
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Phase Contrast and Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy

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Phase-Contrast Microscopes
In-phase-contrast microscopes, interference between light directly passing through a cell and light refracted by cellular components is used to create high-contrast, high-resolution images without staining. It is the oldest and simplest type of microscope that creates an image by altering the wavelengths of light rays passing through the specimen. Altered wavelength paths are created using an annular stop in the condenser. The annular stop produces a hollow cone of...
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Light rays enter the eye through the cornea, a transparent dome-shaped tissue that is the eye's outermost layer. The cornea bends or refracts, light rays traveling to the pupil. The shape of the cornea determines how much of the light is bent and whether the image will be focused correctly on the retina at the back of the eye. Once the light has passed through both refraction layers, it converges into a single focal point onto a small area. This is where photoreceptors start transforming...
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Updated: Feb 17, 2026

Multimodal Volumetric Retinal Imaging by Oblique Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy oSLO and Optical Coherence Tomography OCT
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Visible-light optical coherence tomography: a review.

Xiao Shu1, Lisa Beckmann1, Hao Zhang1

  • 1Northwestern Univ., United States.

Journal of Biomedical Optics
|December 9, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Visible-light optical coherence tomography (vis-OCT) offers new anatomical and functional imaging for biological tissues. This review summarizes vis-OCT development, applications, and future potential in research and medicine.

Keywords:
brain imaginghemodynamicsmetabolic rate of oxygenoptical coherence tomographyretinal imagingspectroscopic analysis

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Optics
  • Medical Imaging Technology
  • Ophthalmic Imaging

Background:

  • Visible-light optical coherence tomography (vis-OCT) is an emerging imaging modality.
  • Unlike conventional OCTs using near-infrared light, vis-OCT utilizes visible light for illumination.
  • This difference necessitates distinct engineering approaches but offers unique advantages.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the technological development of vis-OCT.
  • To review demonstrated applications of vis-OCT in biological tissue imaging.
  • To provide perspectives on future advancements and clinical utility.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on vis-OCT development and applications.
  • Analysis of engineering considerations specific to visible light OCT.
  • Synthesis of current and potential future uses in research and clinical settings.

Main Results:

  • Vis-OCT enables novel anatomical and functional imaging capabilities.
  • It requires specialized engineering design compared to near-infrared OCT.
  • Potential benefits span fundamental research and clinical diagnosis for various diseases.

Conclusions:

  • Vis-OCT represents a significant advancement in optical coherence tomography.
  • Its unique properties offer promising applications in both research and clinical practice.
  • Further technological improvements are expected to expand its utility.