Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Transfer RNA Synthesis02:36

Transfer RNA Synthesis

13.4K
One of the unique features of tRNA is the presence of modified bases. In some tRNAs, modified bases account for nearly 20% of the total bases in the molecule. Altogether, these unusual bases protect the tRNA from enzymatic degradation by RNases.
Each of these chemical modifications is carried by a specific enzyme, post-transcription. All of these enzymes have unique base and site-specificity. Methylation, the most common chemical modification, is carried by at least nine different enzymes, with...
13.4K
Transfer RNA Synthesis02:35

Transfer RNA Synthesis

3.8K
3.8K
tRNA Activation02:26

tRNA Activation

23.2K
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are present in both eukaryotes and bacteria. Though eukaryotes have 20 different aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases to couple to 20 amino acids, many bacteria do not have genes for all of these aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. Despite this, they still use all 20 amino acids to synthesize their proteins. For instance, some bacteria do not have the gene encoding the enzyme that couples glutamine with its partner tRNA. In these organisms, one enzyme adds glutamic acid to all of the...
23.2K
tRNA Activation02:26

tRNA Activation

8.7K
8.7K
Improving Translational Accuracy02:07

Improving Translational Accuracy

15.1K
Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
15.1K
Cooperative Allosteric Transitions01:58

Cooperative Allosteric Transitions

9.0K
Cooperative allosteric transitions can occur in multimeric proteins, where each subunit of the protein has its own ligand-binding site. When a ligand binds to any of these subunits, it triggers a conformational change that affects the binding sites in the other subunits; this can change the affinity of the other sites for their respective ligands. The ability of the protein to change the shape of its binding site is attributed to the presence of a mix of flexible and stable segments in the...
9.0K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

The EF-hand domain of MINDY3 is a ubiquitin and RAD23 UBL-binding domain.

EMBO reports·2026
Same author

Structure-Guided Discovery of OAT-4828 as Potent, Selective, and Orally Bioavailable USP7 Inhibitor with <i>In Vivo</i> Antileukemic Activity.

Journal of medicinal chemistry·2026
Same author

Influence of total electron dose on the quality of nucleic acids potential maps in Cryo-EM.

Ultramicroscopy·2026
Same author

Structural insights into the Urm1-Uba4 pathway and its biological roles.

Essays in biochemistry·2026
Same author

Solid-state nanopore sensing reveals conformational changes induced by a mutation in a neuron-specific tRNAArg.

Nucleic acids research·2026
Same author

RNA-triggered Cas12a3 cleaves tRNA tails to execute bacterial immunity.

Nature·2026
Same journal

METTL3 mediates Ang-II-induced cardiac hypertrophy by regulating KLF5 expression in an m<sup>6</sup>A-dependent manner.

Biochimica et biophysica acta. Gene regulatory mechanisms·2026
Same journal

The vitamin rheostat: A unified model of epigenetic feedback in vitamin homeostasis.

Biochimica et biophysica acta. Gene regulatory mechanisms·2026
Same journal

Short-lived versus long-lived lncRNAs: RNA stability as a determinant of regulatory function.

Biochimica et biophysica acta. Gene regulatory mechanisms·2026
Same journal

Circular RNAs in animals: Biogenesis, function and cell fate control.

Biochimica et biophysica acta. Gene regulatory mechanisms·2026
Same journal

Small RNA-mediated regulation of stress tolerance in Deinococcus radiodurans.

Biochimica et biophysica acta. Gene regulatory mechanisms·2026
Same journal

Proteomic analysis reveals distinct gene regulatory functions of the paralogs MAGOH and MAGOHB in cell proliferation.

Biochimica et biophysica acta. Gene regulatory mechanisms·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 17, 2026

An In Vitro Assay to Detect tRNA-Isopentenyl Transferase Activity
07:46

An In Vitro Assay to Detect tRNA-Isopentenyl Transferase Activity

Published on: October 8, 2018

7.5K

Cooperativity between different tRNA modifications and their modification pathways.

Mikołaj Sokołowski1, Roland Klassen2, Alexander Bruch2

  • 1Max Planck Research Group at the Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland; Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Warsaw, Poland.

Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. Gene Regulatory Mechanisms
|December 10, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Ribonucleotide modifications are crucial for transfer RNA (tRNA) function and stability. Understanding the cross talk between tRNA modification pathways is key to regulating the tRNA modificome and preventing disease.

Keywords:
Anticodon stem and loopCross talkElongatorNeurodegenerative diseasesYeasttRNA modifications

More Related Videos

Quantification of the Abundance and Charging Levels of Transfer RNAs in Escherichia coli
10:34

Quantification of the Abundance and Charging Levels of Transfer RNAs in Escherichia coli

Published on: August 22, 2017

9.8K
Isolation of Translating Ribosomes Containing Peptidyl-tRNAs for Functional and Structural Analyses
11:19

Isolation of Translating Ribosomes Containing Peptidyl-tRNAs for Functional and Structural Analyses

Published on: February 25, 2011

20.4K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 17, 2026

An In Vitro Assay to Detect tRNA-Isopentenyl Transferase Activity
07:46

An In Vitro Assay to Detect tRNA-Isopentenyl Transferase Activity

Published on: October 8, 2018

7.5K
Quantification of the Abundance and Charging Levels of Transfer RNAs in Escherichia coli
10:34

Quantification of the Abundance and Charging Levels of Transfer RNAs in Escherichia coli

Published on: August 22, 2017

9.8K
Isolation of Translating Ribosomes Containing Peptidyl-tRNAs for Functional and Structural Analyses
11:19

Isolation of Translating Ribosomes Containing Peptidyl-tRNAs for Functional and Structural Analyses

Published on: February 25, 2011

20.4K

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Ribonucleotide modifications are essential for transfer RNA (tRNA) synthesis, turnover, and function.
  • These modifications influence tRNA's internal interactions, thermodynamic stability, chemical properties, and decoding during mRNA translation.
  • Deficiencies in anticodon stem and loop modifications disrupt proteome homeostasis, impair stress responses, and contribute to human diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize current knowledge on enzymatic tRNA modification pathways.
  • To highlight instances of cross talk among these pathways.
  • To discuss the consequences of this cross talk on the dynamic regulation of the tRNA modificome.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on tRNA modification pathways.
  • Analysis of reported interactions and cross talk between different enzymatic cascades.
  • Synthesis of information on regulatory factors affecting the tRNA modificome.

Main Results:

  • A complex interconnectivity between different enzymatic tRNA modification pathways is emerging.
  • Specific cross talk events among pathways have been identified.
  • These interactions dynamically regulate the tRNA modificome.

Conclusions:

  • The intricate regulation of the tRNA modificome is influenced by cross talk between enzymatic pathways.
  • Understanding these interactions is critical for comprehending tRNA functionality in physiological conditions and disease.
  • Further research into tRNA modification cascades holds clinical relevance for human diseases.