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Related Concept Videos

Genome-wide Association Studies-GWAS01:11

Genome-wide Association Studies-GWAS

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Genome-wide association studies or GWAS are used to identify whether common SNPs are associated with certain diseases. Suppose specific SNPs are more frequently observed in individuals with a particular disease than those without the disease. In that case, those SNPs are said to be associated with the disease. Chi-square analysis is performed to check the probability of the allele likely to be associated with the disease.
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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Peripheral artery disease (PAD) predominantly results from atherosclerosis, which involves the accumulation of fatty deposits, or plaques, within the walls of arteries. This causes them to narrow and harden, significantly reducing blood flow. PAD predominantly affects the legs, particularly the arteries supplying the thighs and calves. In rare cases, it may involve other arteries, including those in the arms.Etiology of PAD:The principal cause of PAD is atherosclerosis, which results from fatty...
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Structural Joints: Synovial Joints01:16

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Synovial joints are the most common type of joint in the body. A key structural characteristic for a synovial joint is the presence of a joint cavity. This fluid-filled space is where the articulating surfaces of the bones contact each other. Also, unlike fibrous or cartilaginous joints, the articulating bone surfaces at a synovial joint are not directly connected to each other with fibrous connective tissue or cartilage. This gives the bones of a synovial joint the ability to move smoothly...
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Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction01:23

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Rheumatic heart disease or RHD is a chronic condition that results from rheumatic fever, causing permanent damage to the heart valves.Etiology and Risk FactorsIt primarily arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory disease that can develop after untreated or inadequately treated group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis. Streptococcus spreads through direct contact with oral or respiratory secretions. While the bacteria are the causative agents, factors like malnutrition, overcrowding, poor...
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Several cytokine receptors have tightly bound Janus kinase or JAK proteins attached at their cytosolic tail. Small signaling molecules such as cytokines, growth hormones, or prolactins bind to the cytokine receptors and initiate their dimerization. The dimerization brings the cytosolic JAKs together that trans-phosphorylate and activates each other. The activated JAKs now phosphorylate cytosolic tails of the cytokine receptors, which serve as binding sites for adaptor proteins such as  SH2...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 17, 2026

Author Spotlight: Self-Assessment Protocol for Predicting Psoriatic Arthritis in Psoriasis Patients
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Author Spotlight: Self-Assessment Protocol for Predicting Psoriatic Arthritis in Psoriasis Patients

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Psoriatic arthritis.

Rula Bulbul, William V Williams, H Ralph Schumacher

    Postgraduate Medicine
    |December 12, 2017
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Psoriatic arthritis may appear before skin issues and presents diversely. Early recognition of psoriatic arthritis symptoms and findings is key to prompt treatment and preventing joint damage.

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    Area of Science:

    • Rheumatology
    • Dermatology
    • Immunology

    Background:

    • Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a chronic inflammatory condition.
    • PsA can manifest before or concurrently with psoriasis skin lesions.
    • The diverse clinical presentations of PsA can delay diagnosis.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To detail the varied clinical features of psoriatic arthritis.
    • To outline expected laboratory and radiographic findings in PsA.
    • To provide an update on current therapeutic agents for PsA.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of clinical presentations of psoriatic arthritis.
    • Analysis of diagnostic laboratory abnormalities.
    • Evaluation of characteristic radiographic findings.
    • Survey of therapeutic agents for PsA.

    Main Results:

    • Psoriatic arthritis exhibits a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations.
    • Specific laboratory and radiographic findings aid in PsA diagnosis.
    • Various therapeutic options are available for managing PsA.

    Conclusions:

    • Early identification of psoriatic arthritis is crucial for effective management.
    • Understanding the varied presentations of PsA improves diagnostic accuracy.
    • Timely therapeutic intervention can mitigate the destructive potential of PsA.