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Cognitive learning is based on purposive behavior, incidental learning, and insight learning.
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E. C. Tolman emphasized the purposiveness of behavior — the idea that much of our behavior is goal-directed. For instance, employees who aim for a promotion work diligently to meet their targets. Tolman argued that when classical conditioning and operant conditioning occur, the organism acquires certain expectations. In classical conditioning, a child might fear a dog because they expect it to bite. In operant conditioning, a person might consistently work overtime because they expect a...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 17, 2026

Project-Based Learning Guidelines for Health Sciences Students: An Analysis with Data Mining and Qualitative Techniques
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Introducing problem-based learning into a Canadian-accredited Middle Eastern educational setting.

Ziad G Nasr1, Kyle John Wilby1

  • 1College of Pharmacy, Qatar University, PO Box 2713 Doha, Qatar.

Currents in Pharmacy Teaching & Learning
|December 14, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Adapting problem-based learning (PBL) in Middle Eastern pharmacy education showed benefits but faced cultural challenges. Addressing these factors is key to maximizing PBL

Keywords:
EducationLearningMedical educationPharmacyProblem-based learning

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacy Education
  • Active Learning Strategies
  • Cultural Adaptation in Education

Background:

  • Implementing active learning strategies requires cultural adaptation for effectiveness.
  • Problem-based learning (PBL) is an active learning strategy with global application.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe the adaptation and implementation of PBL in a Middle Eastern pharmacy curriculum.
  • To identify facilitators and barriers to PBL adoption in a new cultural context.

Main Methods:

  • PBL was implemented at Qatar University starting in 2014.
  • A SWOC (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Challenges) analysis was used.
  • The process was aligned with international accreditation standards.

Main Results:

  • Strengths included enhanced learning, engagement, and accreditation alignment.
  • Weaknesses involved student buy-in, facilitation consistency, and support.
  • Challenges included student resistance and cultural norms in teaching.

Conclusions:

  • PBL offers benefits but presents cultural and contextual challenges in adaptation.
  • Addressing cultural factors is crucial for optimizing PBL effectiveness in diverse settings.