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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 17, 2026

Characterization of Thermal Transport in One-dimensional Solid Materials

Characterization of Thermal Transport in One-dimensional Solid Materials

Published on: January 26, 2014

Phonon Hydrodynamic Heat Conduction and Knudsen Minimum in Graphite.

Zhiwei Ding¹, Jiawei Zhou¹, Bai Song¹

¹Department of Mechanical Engineering, §Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and ‡Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States.

|December 14, 2017

Summary

Researchers discovered that graphite exhibits phonon hydrodynamics at higher temperatures (around 100 K), unlike previous studies limited to cryogenic conditions. This finding opens new avenues for thermal management and energy conversion technologies.

Keywords:

Knudsen minimum Phonon hydrodynamic collective drift motion first-principles calculation phonon Poiseuille flow

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Area of Science:

Condensed Matter Physics
Materials Science
Thermal Transport

Background:

Phonon hydrodynamics, characterized by collective phonon drift, has historically been observed at cryogenic temperatures (around 1 Kelvin) and in low-dimensional materials.
Understanding phonon behavior under temperature gradients is crucial for thermal management and energy conversion.

Purpose of the Study:

To identify materials supporting phonon hydrodynamics at significantly higher temperatures.
To investigate the potential for observing hydrodynamic phonon transport phenomena like Poiseuille flow and Knudsen minimum in three-dimensional materials.

Main Methods:

First-principles calculations were employed to study phonon transport.
The Boltzmann equation for phonon transport was solved for graphite ribbons.

Main Results:

Graphite was identified as a three-dimensional material exhibiting phonon hydrodynamics at temperatures around 100 Kelvin.
Predictions were made for the experimental observation of phonon Poiseuille flow and Knudsen minimum above liquid nitrogen temperature.
The study revealed that strong intralayer bonding and weak interlayer interactions in graphite contribute to its hydrodynamic nature.
Broken reflection symmetry in graphite, compared to graphene, enhances momentum-conserving phonon-phonon scattering, leading to stronger hydrodynamic features.

Conclusions:

Phonon hydrodynamics can be realized in graphite at accessible temperatures (around 100 K).
The unique bonding and structural properties of graphite facilitate significant hydrodynamic phonon transport.
This research broadens the scope of phonon hydrodynamics to higher temperatures and bulk materials, offering potential for advanced thermal management and energy conversion applications.