Cholesterol embolization syndrome: An under-recognized entity in cardiovascular interventions.

Area of Science:

• Cardiology
• Nephrology
• Vascular Medicine

Background:

• Cholesterol embolization syndrome (CES) is a multi-systemic disease resulting from the embolization of atherosclerotic plaque contents.
• It can occur spontaneously or, more commonly, after vascular interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

• To conduct a comprehensive review of reported cases of CES.
• To discuss risk factors, clinical manifestations, management, and prognosis of CES.

Main Methods:

• A literature search was performed to identify reported cases of CES.
• Data on predisposing factors, clinical presentation, and outcomes were analyzed.

Main Results:

• Major predisposing factors include older age, male sex, cardiovascular risk factors, anticoagulation, and femoral artery access.
• The composite incidence of atheroembolic renal disease was 92%, with an overall mortality of 63%.

Conclusions:

• CES is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality, particularly affecting the kidneys.
• Cardiologists and nephrologists must be aware of CES for timely diagnosis and intervention.