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Understanding drugs, drug products, and their performance in pharmaceutical science is pivotal. Drugs, whether simple molecules or complex compounds, are designed to interact with the body's biological systems to diagnose, treat, or prevent diseases. Drug products include various delivery systems such as tablets, capsules, injections, and inhalers. The performance of these drug products is gauged by their ability to deliver the active ingredient to the desired site of action at the...
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Pharmaceutical poisoning can occur through various channels, impacting an estimated 2 million hospitalized patients in the U.S. annually with serious adverse drug responses. These scenarios encompass both therapeutic uses, such as drug toxicity, where even standard dosages can lead to severe central nervous system depression, and non-therapeutic exposures, including accidental ingestion by children, and environmental and occupational exposures.Unintentional poisonings often involve exploratory...
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The empirical approach to drug therapy optimization relies on correlating pharmacological response with administered dosage. Such an approach can be costly, time-consuming, and often yields poor correlation due to variables like formulation factors and drug elimination characteristics. A more precise approach correlates response with plasma drug concentration or the amount of drug in the body, rather than dosage. This is achieved through pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) modeling, which...
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Advancing learning to advance pharmacy practice.

Michael J Rouse, CoraLynn B Trewet, Kristin K Janke

    Journal of the American Pharmacists Association : Japha
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    PubMed
    Summary

    Continuing professional development (CPD) has evolved over the last decade with an updated cycle. Adopting this systematic approach to lifelong learning can advance pharmacy practice.

    Area of Science:

    • Pharmacy Practice
    • Continuing Professional Development (CPD)
    • Health Professions Education

    Background:

    • Continuing professional development (CPD) is a cornerstone of lifelong learning in the health professions.
    • The practice of pharmacy has undergone significant evolution, necessitating advancements in professional development models.
    • The past decade has witnessed substantial changes in the conceptualization and application of CPD.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To delineate the advancements in the continuing professional development (CPD) model over the preceding ten years.
    • To present a revised and updated CPD cycle.
    • To explore the potential of practitioner adoption of CPD to drive the advancement of pharmacy practice.

    Main Methods:

    • This commentary reviews the evolution of the CPD model and its components.

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  • An updated CPD cycle, incorporating six key elements (reflect, plan, learn, evaluate, apply, record + review), is detailed.
  • The role of supportive environments and employer engagement in fostering CPD is discussed.
  • Main Results:

    • The CPD model has evolved over the past decade, reflecting changes in the pharmacy profession.
    • A revised CPD cycle with six distinct components has been developed.
    • There is an increased emphasis on applying and sharing CPD outcomes and the importance of employer support.

    Conclusions:

    • Continuous, robust, and intentional CPD is essential for practitioners to thrive in the evolving healthcare landscape.
    • Effective CPD must motivate learners and result in behavioral changes.
    • Creating supportive environments for CPD by employers, educators, and organizations is crucial for practitioner success and the advancement of pharmacy practice.