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Related Concept Videos

Epigenetic Regulation01:46

Epigenetic Regulation

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Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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Position-effect Variegation02:32

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In 1928, a German botanist Emil Heitz observed the moss nuclei with a DNA binding dye. He observed that while some chromatin regions decondense and spread out in the interphase nucleus, others do not. He termed them euchromatin and heterochromatin, respectively. He proposed that the heterochromatin regions reflect a functionally inactive state of the genome. It was later confirmed that heterochromatin is transcriptionally repressed, and euchromatin is transcriptionally active chromatin.
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Gene-Environment Interactions01:20

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Gene expression is a dynamic process that is significantly influenced by environmental factors. This interaction underlies the complex nature of biological development and the phenotypic differences observed among individuals, even among those with identical genetic makeups. Factors such as radiation, temperature, behavior, nutrition, and stress play pivotal roles in determining how genes are expressed. The concept of the reaction range is central to understanding this interaction. It posits...
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Although the genetic makeup of an organism plays a major role in determining the phenotype, there are also several environmental factors, such as temperature, oxygen availability, presence of mutagens, that can alter an organism’s phenotype.
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Transcription01:10

Transcription

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Overview
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in the proper synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA). Regulation of transcription is responsible for the differentiation of all the different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
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Comprehensive Analysis of Transcription Dynamics from Brain Samples Following Behavioral Experience
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Epigenetic and Transcriptional Variability Shape Phenotypic Plasticity.

Simone Ecker1, Vera Pancaldi2, Alfonso Valencia2,3

  • 1UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.

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Summary

Epigenetic and transcriptional variability drive biological diversity and disease. Understanding these variations offers new avenues for personalized medicine and disease prevention.

Keywords:
3D chromatin structureDNA methylationbiological noisechromatinepigeneticsgene expressiongenome architectureheterogeneitytranscriptionvariability

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Area of Science:

  • Genetics and Molecular Biology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Cellular and organismal phenotypes arise from epigenetic and transcriptional variability.
  • This variability is crucial for adaptation, evolution, and is implicated in human health and disease.
  • Understanding variability is key to addressing complex biological questions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the types, sources, and determinants of epigenetic and transcriptional variability.
  • To highlight current research on how chromatin structure and the epigenome impact gene expression variability.
  • To discuss challenges in analyzing biological variability and its implications for health.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of epigenetic and transcriptional variability.
  • Analysis of chromatin structure and epigenome's role in gene expression.
  • Discussion of analytical challenges in biological variability studies.

Main Results:

  • Epigenetic and transcriptional variability are fundamental to phenotypic diversity.
  • Chromatin structure and the epigenome significantly influence gene expression variability.
  • Challenges exist in the comprehensive analysis of biological variability.

Conclusions:

  • Improved understanding of epigenetic and transcriptional variability mechanisms is vital.
  • This knowledge can advance disease prevention, therapeutic strategies, and personalized medicine.
  • Further research into intra- and inter-individual variability holds significant promise.