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Vaccinations

Vaccinations

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.

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Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...

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Paramyxoviruses for Tumor-targeted Immunomodulation: Design and Evaluation Ex Vivo

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Published on: January 7, 2019

Measles Vaccine.

Diane E Griffin¹

¹W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore, Maryland.

Viral Immunology

|December 20, 2017

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Measles vaccine (MeV) development has focused on attenuation, but the molecular basis for reduced replication and protective immunity remains unclear. Research explores new delivery methods and recombinant MeV vaccines for broader applications.

Keywords:

attenuation measles population immunity

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Area of Science:

Virology
Immunology
Vaccinology

Background:

Measles virus (MeV) remains a significant global child health concern despite existing vaccines.
Current MeV vaccines are derived from attenuated wild-type strains, with further attenuation achieved through extensive cell culture passages.
The molecular mechanisms underlying vaccine-induced attenuation and protective immunity are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

To elucidate the molecular basis of MeV vaccine attenuation and identify immunologic determinants of protective immunity.
To explore novel vaccine delivery systems, such as inhalation, to overcome challenges in achieving high population immunity.
To investigate the potential of recombinant MeV vaccines as vectors for other infectious agents and as oncolytic agents.

Main Methods:

Empirical attenuation of wild-type MeV through in vitro passage in human and chicken cells.
Analysis of immune responses, including antibody (Ab) and T cell induction, in relation to vaccine efficacy.
Exploration of reverse genetics for developing recombinant MeV vaccine strains.

Main Results:

Attenuation correlates with decreased viral replication in lymphoid tissues, though the precise molecular basis is unidentified.
Immune responses are age-dependent and influenced by maternal antibodies, with protective immunity linked to neutralizing antibody levels.
Recombinant MeV technology offers potential for novel vaccine vectors and oncolytic therapies.

Conclusions:

Further research is needed to understand the molecular underpinnings of MeV vaccine attenuation and protective immunity.
Innovations in vaccine delivery (e.g., inhalation) and recombinant technologies hold promise for enhancing measles control and expanding vaccine applications.
Despite vaccine availability, sustained high population immunity remains crucial for controlling measles transmission.