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Magnetic Force Between Two Parallel Currents

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Two long, straight, and parallel current-carrying conductors exert a force of equal magnitude on one another. The direction of the force depends on the current direction in the conductors.
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Electric Charges

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From lightning during thunderstorms to electronic devices, the phenomenon of electromagnetism is all around us. The electromagnetic force is one of the four fundamental forces of nature. It has been known to humanity in various forms for thousands of years. For example, the ancient Greek philosopher Thales of Miletus recorded his experiments on static electricity using amber and fur in the sixth century BC.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 16, 2026

Co-localizing Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy with Other Microscopies and Spectroscopies: Selected Applications in Corrosion Characterization of Alloys

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Nanocorrugation-Induced Forces between Electrically Neutral Metallic Objects.

Kun Ding¹, Han Hu², T C Leung²

¹Department of Physics and Institute for Advanced Study, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong.

|December 20, 2017

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers discovered a new curvature-induced force between nanocorrugated metallic surfaces. This force, arising from electron density smoothing, influences nanoscale object manipulation and differs from classical electromagnetic forces.

Keywords:

corrugated surfaces electron spill-out electrostatic forces first-principles calculations metallic surfaces self-consistent hydrodynamic model

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Probing Surface Electrochemical Activity of Nanomaterials using a Hybrid Atomic Force Microscope-Scanning Electrochemical Microscope AFM-SECM

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Area of Science:

Nanotechnology
Condensed Matter Physics
Surface Science

Background:

Nanotechnology advancements require understanding nanoscale forces.
Classical electromagnetic approaches fail to capture certain nanoscale phenomena.
Forces at the nanoscale differ significantly from macroscale forces.

Purpose of the Study:

To identify and characterize curvature-induced forces between nanocorrugated metallic surfaces.
To explore the origin of these forces related to electron density and geometric curvature.
To compare findings with standard classical electromagnetic theories.

Main Methods:

Utilized a self-consistent hydrodynamics model.
Employed first-principles density functional calculations.
Investigated interactions between electrically neutral metallic surfaces with nanocorrugation.

Main Results:

Identified a novel curvature-induced force acting between nanocorrugated surfaces.
Demonstrated that this force originates from electron density smoothing due to geometric curvature.
Found the force can be attractive or repulsive, depending on nanocorrugation details.

Conclusions:

Geometric curvature, not just charge, can induce forces at the nanoscale.
The discovered force is comparable in magnitude to light-induced forces on plasmonic nano-objects.
This finding offers new possibilities for controlling and manipulating nanoscale objects.