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Related Concept Videos

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling01:31

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Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during...
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Multivesicular bodies (MVBs) are mature endosomes that sort ubiquitinated proteins and then fuse with lysosomes to degrade the sorted proteins. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and its receptor (EGFR) form a complex that can be internalized through endocytosis, sorted into an MVB, and later degraded.
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Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
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Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 16, 2026

A RANKL-based Osteoclast Culture Assay of Mouse Bone Marrow to Investigate the Role of mTORC1 in Osteoclast Formation
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The HIV co-receptor CCR5 regulates osteoclast function.

Ji-Won Lee1, Akiyoshi Hoshino2, Kazuki Inoue3

  • 1Division of Bio-Imaging, Proteo-Science Center (PROS), Ehime University, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan. jwlee@m.ehime-u.ac.jp.

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C-C chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) regulates osteoclast function, impacting bone destruction. Blocking CCR5 impairs osteoclast activity, offering potential therapeutic targets for bone diseases.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Bone Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • C-C chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) is a known co-receptor for HIV entry.
  • CCR5's absence correlates with reduced HIV transmission and bone-destructive diseases.
  • Its role in bone cell regulation remains largely uncharacterized.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of CCR5 in osteoclast function and bone metabolism.
  • To determine if CCR5 blockade affects osteoclast activity and bone resorption.

Main Methods:

  • In vitro studies using human osteoclasts and specific CCR5-blocking antibodies.
  • In vivo studies utilizing Ccr5-deficient (Ccr5-/-) mice.
  • Assessment of osteoclast function, cellular locomotion, and bone resorption activity.

Main Results:

  • CCR5 blockade in vitro significantly impaired human osteoclast function.
  • Ccr5-/- mice exhibited dysfunctional osteoclasts and resistance to RANKL-induced osteoporosis.
  • CCR5 deficiency led to impaired osteoclast locomotion and bone resorption, linked to podosome and Pyk2 disarrangement.

Conclusions:

  • CCR5 plays a critical role in regulating osteoclast function.
  • CCR5 is essential for bone resorption and is implicated in bone-destructive conditions.
  • Targeting CCR5 presents a potential therapeutic strategy for osteoporosis and other bone diseases.