Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes02:46

Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes

48.7K
Tetrahedral Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than the dxy,...
48.7K
Valence Bond Theory02:42

Valence Bond Theory

11.4K
Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
11.4K
Exceptions to the Octet Rule02:55

Exceptions to the Octet Rule

38.0K
Many covalent molecules have central atoms that do not have eight electrons in their Lewis structures. These molecules fall into three categories:
38.0K
VSEPR Theory and the Effect of Lone Pairs04:01

VSEPR Theory and the Effect of Lone Pairs

53.3K
Effect of Lone Pairs of Electrons on Molecule Geometry
53.3K
The Aufbau Principle and Hund's Rule03:02

The Aufbau Principle and Hund's Rule

75.0K
To determine the electron configuration for any particular atom, we can build the structures in the order of atomic numbers. Beginning with hydrogen, and continuing across the periods of the periodic table, we add one proton at a time to the nucleus and one electron to the proper subshell until we have described the electron configurations of all the elements. This procedure is called the aufbau principle, from the German word aufbau (“to build up”). Each added electron occupies the...
75.0K
Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals II03:35

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals II

49.4K
sp3d and sp3d 2 Hybridization
49.4K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Sustainable and Scalable Flow Photochemical Conversions Using a Labile Ligand-Assembled Iron Complex.

JACS Au·2026
Same author

Water-Promoted Molar-Level Photocatalysis and Spontaneous Product Separation with Near-Unity Quantum Efficiency.

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2025
Same author

Semiconductor-to-metal surface reconstruction in copper selenide/copper heterostructures steered by photoinduced interlayer atom migration.

Nature communications·2025
Same author

Global Optimization of Molybdenum Subnanoclusters on Graphene: A Consistent Approach toward Catalytic Applications.

ACS applied materials & interfaces·2024
Same author

On-Surface Boronation of Porphyrin into a Molecular Dipole.

Nano letters·2024
Same author

Long-term relapse-free survival enabled by integrating targeted antibacteria in antitumor treatment.

Nature communications·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 16, 2026

Microscopic Visualization of Porous Nanographenes Synthesized through a Combination of Solution and On-Surface Chemistry
08:18

Microscopic Visualization of Porous Nanographenes Synthesized through a Combination of Solution and On-Surface Chemistry

Published on: March 4, 2021

2.2K

Xanthine Quartets on Au(111).

Chong Chen1,2, Hongqian Sang3, Pengcheng Ding4

  • 1School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150001, China.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|December 22, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Scientists fabricated the xanthine (X) quartet, a metal-free purine structure. This discovery offers potential for new DNA quadruplexes in therapy and insights into early life.

More Related Videos

Energy Dispersive X-ray Tomography for 3D Elemental Mapping of Individual Nanoparticles
10:00

Energy Dispersive X-ray Tomography for 3D Elemental Mapping of Individual Nanoparticles

Published on: July 5, 2016

12.5K
Photoelectron Imaging of Anions Illustrated by 310 Nm Detachment of F−
06:53

Photoelectron Imaging of Anions Illustrated by 310 Nm Detachment of F−

Published on: July 27, 2018

9.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 16, 2026

Microscopic Visualization of Porous Nanographenes Synthesized through a Combination of Solution and On-Surface Chemistry
08:18

Microscopic Visualization of Porous Nanographenes Synthesized through a Combination of Solution and On-Surface Chemistry

Published on: March 4, 2021

2.2K
Energy Dispersive X-ray Tomography for 3D Elemental Mapping of Individual Nanoparticles
10:00

Energy Dispersive X-ray Tomography for 3D Elemental Mapping of Individual Nanoparticles

Published on: July 5, 2016

12.5K
Photoelectron Imaging of Anions Illustrated by 310 Nm Detachment of F−
06:53

Photoelectron Imaging of Anions Illustrated by 310 Nm Detachment of F−

Published on: July 27, 2018

9.2K

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Supramolecular Chemistry
  • Astrobiology

Background:

  • Xanthine (X) is a purine base found in human tissues and fluids.
  • Guanine (G)-quartets are known purine structures.
  • Purine structures are fundamental to DNA and biological processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To fabricate and visualize the xanthine (X) quartet for the first time.
  • To compare the properties of X-quartets with G-quartets.
  • To explore potential applications and origins of X-quartets.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication and visualization of xanthine (X) quartets.
  • Surface studies on Au(111) to determine stability.
  • Comparative analysis with guanine (G)-quartet formation.

Main Results:

  • The xanthine (X) quartet was successfully fabricated and visualized.
  • X-quartet networks exhibit the highest stability on Au(111).
  • X-quartet formation is metal-free, unlike G-quartets.

Conclusions:

  • X-quartets represent a novel, metal-free purine structure with potential in artificial DNA quadruplexes for genetic regulation and antitumor therapy.
  • The inherent homochirality of X-quartets suggests their role as precursors to primitive oligonucleotides on early Earth.