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Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella01:16

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The femur is the body's longest and strongest bone spanning the thigh region. Its head articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint. A minor indentation on the medial side of the femoral head, called the fovea capitis, serves as the site of attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur. This weak ligament spans the femur and acetabulum and supports the hip joint. The narrowed region below the head is the neck of the femur. The inclination angle between the...
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The tibia is the main weight-bearing bone of the lower leg. It is larger than the fibula with which it is paired. The tibia is also the second longest bone in the body and is located right below the skin. The proximal end of the tibia forms the medial and the lateral condyle, which articulates with the condyles of the femur to form the knee joint. Between the articulating surfaces is the irregular elevated area known as the intercondylar eminence that serves as the inferior attachment point for...
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The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
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Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 16, 2026

Imaging of the Microstructural Failure Mechanism in the Human Hip
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The Stress Trajectories in the Femur.

E A Allcock1, N L Svensson1

  • 1Department of Surgery and Department of Engineering, University of Melbourne.

The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Surgery
|December 22, 2017
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a 3D photoelastic technique to analyze internal stresses in bones and joints. This method effectively visualizes stress patterns, aiding in the design of orthopedic implants and prostheses.

Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Orthopedics

Background:

  • Understanding internal stresses in bones and joints is crucial for diagnosing conditions and designing effective treatments.
  • Traditional methods may not fully capture the complex, three-dimensional stress distributions within skeletal structures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a novel three-dimensional photoelastic technique for investigating internal stresses in bones and joints.
  • To evaluate the utility of plastic models in understanding weight-bearing forces and stress development.
  • To explore the practical applications of this technique in the design of prostheses and implants.

Main Methods:

  • Development and application of a three-dimensional photoelastic technique.
  • Utilization of plastic models to simulate bone and joint loading.

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  • Employing a frozen photoelastic technique with Araldite D for stress pattern assessment.

    • Main Results:

    • Demonstrated the value of plastic models for analyzing weight-bearing force distribution in bone.
    • Successfully investigated the development of internal stresses in loaded plastic models.
    • Reported the effectiveness of the frozen photoelastic technique in assessing stress patterns and trajectories.

    Conclusions:

    • The three-dimensional photoelastic technique provides valuable insights into internal stress distribution in bones and joints.
    • Plastic models are highly effective tools for biomechanical investigations.
    • This technique has significant practical applications for improving the design of orthopedic implants and prostheses.