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Related Concept Videos

Muscles of the Shoulder01:23

Muscles of the Shoulder

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The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
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Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...
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Flail Chest-II01:26

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Managing flail chest, a condition characterized by a segment of the chest wall moving independently from the rest of the thoracic cage, requires a comprehensive approach. It includes a thorough assessment of the patient's condition, a diagnostic evaluation to determine the extent of the injury, and the implementation of appropriate medical interventions tailored to the individual's needs.
Assessment:
1. Clinical Evaluation:
History:
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Flail Chest-I01:24

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Overview of Flail Chest
Flail chest is a severe and potentially life-threatening condition characterized by the fracture of three or more adjacent ribs in multiple places. It is most commonly caused by direct impacts and trauma, such as motor vehicle accidents or injuries from a steering wheel impact. It can also occur due to falls in elderly individuals with osteoporosis, or assaults involving sharp objects.
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Articulations of the Vertebral Column01:28

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In addition to being held together by the intervertebral discs, adjacent vertebrae also articulate with each other at synovial joints formed between the superior and inferior articular processes called zygapophysial joints (facet joints). These are plane joints that provide for only limited motions between the vertebrae. The orientation of the articular processes at these joints varies in different regions of the vertebral column and serves to determine the types of motions available in each...
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The Thoracic Cage: Sternum01:17

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The thoracic or rib cage forms the body's thorax (chest) portion. Its primary function in the body is to protect vital organs in the thoracic cavity, such as the heart and the lungs. It consists of 12 pairs of ribs with their costal cartilages and the sternum. The ribs are anchored posteriorly to the 12 thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12).
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 16, 2026

Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact
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Acromioclavicular Injuries.

Bernard R Bach, Timothy A VanFleet, Peter J Novak

    The Physician and Sportsmedicine
    |December 22, 2017
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Acromioclavicular (AC) joint injuries are common in athletes. This review explores surgical versus non-surgical treatments for AC dislocations, noting conservative approaches are often preferred.

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    Area of Science:

    • Orthopedic Sports Medicine
    • Traumatology

    Background:

    • Acromioclavicular (AC) joint injuries frequently affect athletes.
    • AC joint dislocations are often visible, while sprains necessitate a thorough physical examination to assess damage severity.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review the literature regarding the controversy between surgical and non-surgical treatment options for AC joint dislocations.
    • To summarize current diagnostic and treatment strategies for AC joint injuries.

    Main Methods:

    • Literature review examining studies on AC joint injury management.
    • Analysis of diagnostic protocols including physical examination and radiography.
    • Evaluation of treatment modalities for AC dislocations.

    Main Results:

    • Radiographs are essential for ruling out associated fractures.
    • A debate exists regarding the optimal surgical versus non-surgical management of AC dislocations.
    • Conservative treatment, including ice, immobilization, and closed reduction, is frequently employed, even for severe injuries.

    Conclusions:

    • Conservative management remains a primary approach for many AC joint injuries.
    • Further research may clarify the indications for surgical intervention in AC dislocations.
    • Accurate diagnosis through physical exam and imaging is crucial for appropriate treatment selection.