Long Head of the Biceps Tendon Pathology: From Etiology to Management

An improved understanding of the complex biomechanics of the static and dynamic stabilizers of the shoulder has allowed for the evolution in diagnosing and treating shoulder pathology. The long head of the biceps brachii tendon (long head of the biceps tendon [LHBT]) is associated with various shoulder pathologies, including superior labrum from anterior to posterior tears, rotator cuff pathology, or even isolated biceps instability. Injuries to the LHBT can occur in both athlete and nonathlete populations. Recent evidence has highlighted the complex interplay between the superior labrum and the proximal aspect of the LHBT. It is becoming increasingly clear that these two anatomic structures do not exist in isolation. In this review article, we provide a comprehensive overview of the pathoanatomy, patient presentation, diagnosis and treatment options for patients who present with pathology affecting the LHBT.