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The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
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Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
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The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
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The skeleton is subdivided into two major divisions—the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton forms the vertical, central axis of the body. It includes all of the bones of the head, neck, chest, and back. It protects the brain, spinal cord, heart, and lungs. It also serves as the attachment site for muscles that move the head, neck, and back and for muscles that act across the shoulder and hip joints to move their corresponding limbs.
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The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
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Updated: Feb 16, 2026

Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact
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The Winged Scapula.

Stephen R Steele, Jeffrey Anthony, E Lee Rice

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    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Scapular winging, often from long thoracic nerve injury, can have subtle causes. A thorough medical evaluation is crucial for correct diagnosis and treatment, ensuring most patients return to activity.

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    Area of Science:

    • Orthopedics
    • Neurology
    • Sports Medicine

    Background:

    • Scapular winging commonly stems from injury to the long thoracic nerve due to trauma or overuse.
    • The underlying cause of scapular winging may not always be apparent, potentially delaying diagnosis.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To highlight that scapular winging can arise from less common etiologies.
    • To emphasize the importance of a meticulous diagnostic process when the injury mechanism is unclear.

    Main Methods:

    • Presentation of two illustrative case studies.
    • Review of diagnostic considerations for scapular winging.

    Main Results:

    • The presented cases demonstrate that the etiology of scapular winging can be overlooked.
    • A comprehensive workup is critical for identifying unusual causes of scapular winging.

    Conclusions:

    • While most long thoracic nerve injuries resolve with conservative management, surgical intervention may be necessary in some instances.
    • With appropriate treatment, the majority of active individuals experiencing scapular winging can achieve a full return to their previous activity levels.