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Related Concept Videos

Precipitation and Co-precipitation01:17

Precipitation and Co-precipitation

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Precipitation and coprecipitation methods can be used to separate a mixture of ions in a solution. In qualitative inorganic analysis, ions that form sparingly soluble precipitates with the same reagent are separated based on the differences in solubility products. For example, consider the separation of Cu(II) and Fe(II) ions by precipitation as insoluble sulfides. First, copper(II) sulfide is precipitated by the addition of acidic H2S, where the dissociation of H2S is suppressed. Adding H2S...
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Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global temperatures is well outside of the Earth’s cyclic norms, and evidence for human-caused global climate change is compelling. Paleoclimatology, the study of ancient climate conditions, provides ample evidence for human-caused global climate change by comparing recent conditions with those in the past.
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The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
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Climate refers to the prevailing weather conditions in a specific area over an extended period. As the saying goes, “Climate is what you expect. Weather is what you get.” Climate is influenced by geographic factors, such as latitude, terrain, and proximity to bodies of water.
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Coprecipitation is the contamination of a precipitate by otherwise soluble species and occurs via different processes. In colloidal precipitates, coprecipitation occurs via surface adsorption. For instance, barium sulfate has a primary layer of adsorbed barium ions and a secondary layer of nitrate counterions. This results in contamination of the precipitate by barium nitrate.
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Simulating Impacts of Ice Storms on Forest Ecosystems
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Precipitation variability increases in a warmer climate.

Angeline G Pendergrass1, Reto Knutti2,3, Flavio Lehner2

  • 1National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA. apgrass@ucar.edu.

Scientific Reports
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Precipitation variability is projected to increase across most of the globe with warming. This rise in variability, observed across seasonal to decadal timescales, is consistent with historical data.

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Area of Science:

  • Climate Science
  • Hydrology
  • Meteorology

Background:

  • Understanding the hydrologic cycle's response to global warming is crucial.
  • Precipitation variability, unlike mean and extreme changes, is understudied.
  • Precipitation variability is theoretically and practically important for climate impact assessments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate projected changes in precipitation variability under global warming.
  • To quantify the increase in precipitation variability across different timescales and regions.
  • To compare projected changes in precipitation variability with changes in mean, extreme precipitation, and moisture.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of multi-model climate projections, specifically RCP8.5 scenarios.
  • Examination of precipitation variability on timescales ranging from daily to decadal.
  • Comparison of model outputs with observed daily variability in station data.

Main Results:

  • Precipitation variability robustly increases over 66% of global land area in response to warming.
  • Global mean precipitation variability increases by 3-4% K⁻¹, with higher increases over land (4-5% K⁻¹).
  • Observed daily precipitation variability trends align with model projections.

Conclusions:

  • Climate models consistently project an increase in precipitation variability with warming.
  • The increase in precipitation variability is driven by increased moisture availability, partially offset by circulation changes.
  • Projected increases in precipitation variability are significant and widespread, impacting future climate studies.