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Bacterial Phylum Tenericutes

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The phylum Tenericutes, which includes the single class Mollicutes, comprises bacteria that lack cell walls. The term "Mollicutes" derives from the Latin word mollis, meaning "soft." These organisms are among the smallest known and are commonly referred to as mycoplasmas due to the prominence of the genus Mycoplasma, which includes well-known human pathogens. Despite their inability to stain gram-positively (a result of their lack of cell walls), mycoplasmas are phylogenetically related to the...
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The phylum Bacteroidota includes over 700 species classified into four primary orders: Bacteroidales, Cytophagales, Flavobacteriales, and Sphingobacteriales. These gram-negative, non-sporulating rods exhibit saccharolytic capabilities and can be aerobic or fermentative, encompassing obligate aerobes, facultative aerobes, and obligate anaerobes. Many species display gliding motility, though some are nonmotile or use flagella. The genus Bacteroides is well-studied due to its significant role in...
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The phylum Verrucomicrobiota comprises at least four characterized orders, with most species classified within the order Verrucomicrobiotales. Members of this phylum are either aerobic or facultatively aerobic, with the ability to ferment sugars. A notable exception is the genus Methylacidiphilum, which consists of aerobic methanotrophs. Additionally, some Verrucomicrobiota establish symbiotic relationships with protists. These bacteria are widely distributed across various environments,...
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Firmicutes is a diverse phylum of Gram-positive bacteria characterized by a low GC content in their genomes. This phylum includes organisms with monoderm or diderm cell envelopes, highlighting a complex evolutionary history. Firmicutes comprises several major orders, including Lactobacillales, Clostridiales, and Bacillales, which exhibit remarkable diversity in their morphology, metabolism, and ecological roles.The order Lactobacillales includes lactic acid bacteria, which are fermentative...
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Proteobacteria, one of the largest and most diverse bacterial phyla, encompasses a wide range of Gram-negative bacteria distinguished by their outer membrane composed of lipopolysaccharides. These microorganisms exhibit various metabolic capabilities, including phototrophy, chemolithotrophy, and heterotrophy, and thrive in diverse environments from soil to aquatic systems and host-associated niches. The phylum is divided into six classes: Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria,...
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Magnetic bacteria exhibit a directed movement called magnetotaxis, driven by structures called magnetosomes. These magnetosomes consist of chains of magnetic particles made of either magnetite (Fe₃O₄) or greigite (Fe₃S₄) and are organized in a linear conformation by a protein scaffold within invaginations of the cell membrane. The bacteria align along the north–south magnetic field lines, much like a compass needle. They are typically microaerophilic or anaerobic...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 16, 2026

Synchronization of Caulobacter Crescentus for Investigation of the Bacterial Cell Cycle
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Updates on the Cronobacter Genus.

Stephen J Forsythe1

  • 1foodmicrobe.com, Adams Hill, Keyworth, Nottinghamshire, NG12 5GY, United Kingdom;

Annual Review of Food Science and Technology
|December 23, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Cronobacter bacteria in powdered infant formula (PIF) pose a risk for neonatal infections. DNA-based methods have advanced the detection, identification, and tracking of Cronobacter contamination in food environments.

Area of Science:

  • Food microbiology
  • Molecular biology
  • Public health

Background:

  • Cronobacter spp. are a significant concern in foods, particularly powdered infant formula (PIF), due to their association with neonatal infections.
  • International bodies like Codex Alimentarius and WHO have updated guidelines for infant feed preparation and microbiological criteria in response to these risks.
  • Recent research has focused on understanding the diversity of Cronobacter and developing advanced detection and typing methods.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on the genus Cronobacter, focusing on its occurrence and impact in food.
  • To evaluate the contribution of DNA-sequence-based methods to Cronobacter research, including detection, identification, and genotyping.
  • To highlight the application of advanced techniques like microbial source tracking and CRISPR-cas array profiling for understanding Cronobacter epidemiology.
Keywords:
CronobacterMLSTemergent bacterial pathogengenomic analysisidentificationisolationtyping

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Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on Cronobacter spp. in food.
  • Analysis of DNA-sequence-based methods for detection, identification, and genotyping.
  • Examination of studies on Cronobacter occurrence in food ingredients, products, and environments.
  • Review of applications in microbial source tracking and CRISPR-cas array profiling.

Main Results:

  • DNA-sequence-based methods have significantly improved the reliability of Cronobacter identification and genotyping.
  • A comprehensive understanding of Cronobacter diversity and its prevalence across the food chain has been established.
  • CRISPR-cas array profiling and clonal lineage analysis are effective tools for microbial source tracking.

Conclusions:

  • Advances in DNA sequencing technologies have greatly enhanced our ability to detect, identify, and track Cronobacter in food.
  • Understanding Cronobacter's genetic diversity and clonal lineages is crucial for effective risk management and source tracking in food safety.
  • Continued research utilizing molecular methods is essential for mitigating the risks associated with Cronobacter contamination in food products, especially for vulnerable populations.