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Related Concept Videos

Circles01:18

Circles

269
A circle in the coordinate plane is defined as the set of all points that lie at a constant distance, known as the radius, from a fixed point called the center. This relationship is captured using the distance formula. For a point (x, y) on the circle and a center (h, k), the distance between them equals the radius r. By squaring both sides of the distance formula, the equation of the circle is written in standard form:Constructing the Equation from Geometric InformationIf the center and the...
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Mohr's Circle for Moments of Inertia: Problem Solving01:14

Mohr's Circle for Moments of Inertia: Problem Solving

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Mohr's circle is a graphical method for determining an area's principal moments by plotting the moments and product of inertia on a rectangular coordinate system. This circle can also be used to calculate the orientation of the principal axes.
Consider a rectangular beam. The moments of inertia of the beam about the x and y axis are 2.5(107) mm4 and 7.5(107) mm4, respectively. The product of inertia is 1.5(107) mm4. Determine the principal moments of inertia and the orientation of the major and...
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Mohr's Circle for Moments of Inertia01:10

Mohr's Circle for Moments of Inertia

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Mohr's circle is a graphical method to determine an area's principal moments of inertia by plotting the moments and product of inertia on a rectangular coordinate system.
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Mohr's Circle for Plane Stress01:23

Mohr's Circle for Plane Stress

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Mohr's circle is a graphical method for identifying the state of stress at a point in a material, making it easier to analyze stress transformations under plane stress conditions. This two-dimensional technique visualizes both normal and shearing stresses on an element.
Consider a set of Cartesian coordinates. The horizontal and vertical axes correspond to normal stress (σ) and shearing stress (τ), respectively. Two points, points A and B, are defined by the normal and shear...
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Mohr's Circle for Plane Strain01:18

Mohr's Circle for Plane Strain

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Mohr's circle is a crucial graphical method used to analyze plane strain by plotting strain on a set of cartesian coordinates, where the abscissa is normal strain ∈ and the ordinate is shear strain γ. Similarly to Mohr’s circle for plane stress, two points X and Y are plotted. Their coordinates are (∈x, -γXY) and (∈Y, γXY), respectively.
Mohr's circle visually represents the strain states under various conditions, which is essential for...
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Frost Circles for Different Conjugated Systems01:18

Frost Circles for Different Conjugated Systems

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The inscribed polygon method is consistent with Hückel’s 4n + 2 rule and helps to learn whether the given cyclic compound is aromatic or not. The compound is stable and aromatic if every bonding molecular orbital (MO) is completely filled with a pair of electrons. However, if the non-bonding or antibonding orbitals are filled with electrons, the compound is unstable and not aromatic. Consider the Frost circle diagrams for cycloalkenes containing 4 to 8 carbons.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 16, 2026

Determination of the Relative Potency of an Anti-TNF Monoclonal Antibody mAb by Neutralizing TNF Using an In Vitro Bioanalytical Method
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MK2-TNF-Signaling Comes Full Circle.

Manoj B Menon1, Matthias Gaestel1

  • 1Institute of Cell Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.

Trends in Biochemical Sciences
|December 26, 2017
PubMed
Summary

p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-activated protein kinase 2 (MK2) regulates tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production and signaling. MK2 plays a dual role in TNF signaling, impacting cell death pathways and inflammation.

Keywords:
TNF receptorTNF signalingapoptosisnecroptosisprotein kinaseprotein phosphorylation

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • p38MAPK-activated protein kinase 2 (MK2) is crucial for tumor necrosis factor (TNF) biosynthesis via post-transcriptional regulation.
  • MK2 deletion reduces serum TNF levels and protects against endotoxic shock, highlighting its role in TNF ligand expression.
  • Emerging evidence shows MK2 phosphorylates RIPK1, modulating TNF-mediated apoptosis and necroptosis, indicating a complex function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the multifaceted role of MK2 in TNF signaling pathways.
  • To explore novel substrates of MK2 beyond TNF regulation.
  • To propose a broader function for p38MAPK/MK2 signaling in stress response and inflammation.

Main Methods:

  • Gene deletion studies to assess the impact of MK2 on TNF levels and endotoxic shock.
  • Investigation of MK2's direct phosphorylation of RIPK1.
  • Identification of novel MK2 substrates in DNA damage response, autophagy, and obesity.

Main Results:

  • MK2 deletion significantly decreased serum TNF and conferred protection against endotoxic shock.
  • MK2 directly phosphorylates RIPK1, suppressing its activity and limiting TNF-mediated cell death.
  • New MK2 substrates identified in DNA damage response, autophagy, and obesity pathways.

Conclusions:

  • MK2 exhibits a dual role in TNF signaling, regulating both ligand expression and cell death.
  • MK2 is a multifunctional kinase involved in diverse cellular processes including stress response and cell death.
  • p38MAPK/MK2 signaling is proposed to orchestrate the onset and resolution of inflammation and other cellular events.