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Working Memory Training for Older Participants: A Control Group Training Regimen and Initial Intellectual Functioning Assessment

Working Memory Training for Older Participants: A Control Group Training Regimen and Initial Intellectual Functioning Assessment

Published on: September 20, 2020

Does Far Transfer Exist? Negative Evidence From Chess, Music, and Working Memory Training.

Giovanni Sala¹, Fernand Gobet¹

¹Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool.

Current Directions in Psychological Science

|December 26, 2017

Summary

Playing chess or music may not enhance children's cognitive skills. Studies show small effects that diminish with higher quality research, questioning the real-world benefits of such training.

Keywords:

chess music training transfer working memory

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Area of Science:

Cognitive Psychology
Educational Psychology
Neuroscience

Background:

Chess masters and musicians often exhibit higher intelligence.
Claims suggest chess and music instruction boost children's cognitive abilities and academic performance.
Working memory training is a cognitive skill linked to chess and music expertise.

Purpose of the Study:

To meta-analyze the impact of chess and music instruction on children's cognitive and academic skills.
To evaluate the effects of working memory training on cognitive and academic skills.
To assess the relationship between study quality and observed effect sizes.

Main Methods:

Conducted two meta-analyses on chess and music instruction.
Performed a third meta-analysis on working memory training.
Analyzed effect sizes in relation to experimental design quality, including active control groups.

Main Results:

Observed small to moderate positive effects for chess, music, and working memory training.
Found an inverse relationship between effect size and study quality.
Higher quality studies (e.g., with active controls) showed smaller effects.

Conclusions:

The findings cast doubt on the effectiveness of chess, music, and working memory training for cognitive enhancement.
The debate extends to other training types like spatial training, brain training, and video games.
Concluded that far transfer of learning from such training is rare.