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Behavior is a product of both the situation (e.g., cultural influences, social roles, and the presence of bystanders) and of the person (e.g., personality characteristics). Subfields of psychology tend to focus on one influence or behavior over others. Situationism is the view that our behavior and actions are determined by our immediate environment and surroundings. In contrast, dispositionism holds that our behavior is determined by internal factors (Heider, 1958).
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In precipitation gravimetry, the precipitating agent should react specifically or selectively with the analyte. While a specific reagent reacts with the analyte alone, a selective reagent can react with a limited number of chemical species.
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In social interactions, individuals frequently seek to understand the motivations and causes behind others' behaviors. This fundamental aspect of social perception, known as attribution, plays a crucial role in shaping interpersonal relationships and guiding future actions. Attribution refers to the cognitive process through which people infer the reasons behind others' behaviors, allowing them to assess character traits, intentions, and situational influences.Attribution Theory and Its...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 16, 2026

Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis for the Quantification and Size Determination of Extracellular Vesicles
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Using Image Attributes to Assure Accurate Particle Size and Count Using Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis.

Adrian P Defante1, Wyatt N Vreeland1, Kurt D Benkstein1

  • 1Bioprocess Measurements Group, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899.

Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences
|December 27, 2017
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Summary

Image attributes can guide nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) accuracy. A median pixel area of 4 pixels² ensures reliable particle concentration measurements, improving NTA quality assessment.

Keywords:
image analysislight scatteringnanoparticlesparticle sizephysical characterization

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Analytical Chemistry

Background:

  • Nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) measures particle size via diffusion and particle count via imaging.
  • Particle imaging in NTA depends on particle scattering and camera settings (sensitivity, shutter speed).
  • Accurate NTA requires sufficient particle imaging for statistical repeatability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine if image attributes can guide the accuracy of particle size and count measurements in NTA.
  • To investigate the influence of camera settings on NTA accuracy.
  • To establish operator-independent quality assessment metrics for NTA.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) with varying camera settings.
  • Analyzed image attributes, specifically median pixel area, using open-source software.
  • Validated particle size and count measurements against expected values for model systems.

Main Results:

  • Particle size measurements using NTA were robust and independent of image attributes in model systems.
  • Particle count accuracy was sensitive to camera settings.
  • A median pixel area of 4 pixels² yielded particle concentrations within 20% of expected values.
  • Pixel area distribution provided insights into particle solution polydispersity.

Conclusions:

  • Image attributes, particularly median pixel area, can serve as a quality indicator for NTA particle count measurements.
  • Median pixel area offers an operator-independent method for assessing NTA measurement quality.
  • NTA particle sizing is reliable, but particle counting requires careful camera setting optimization guided by image analysis.