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Related Concept Videos

Anatomy of Respiratory System I: Upper Respiratory Tract01:29

Anatomy of Respiratory System I: Upper Respiratory Tract

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The upper respiratory tract plays a vital role in the respiratory system, comprising several structures that facilitate air intake and prepare air for the lungs. It also serves as the first line of defense against pathogens and particles. This tract includes the nose and nasal cavity, the oral cavity, the paranasal sinuses, and the pharynx, each with specific functions and features.
Nose and nasal cavity
The nose and nasal cavity represent the main external openings of the respiratory tract....
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Arteries of the Upper Limbs01:12

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The subclavian artery transitions into the axillary artery as it exits the chest and enters the axillary region. This artery is critical for supplying blood to the shoulder area, including the head of the humerus, through the humeral circumflex arteries. As the vessel continues into the upper arm or brachium, it becomes the brachial artery. This artery plays a key role in vascularizing the brachial region and bifurcates at the elbow into several branches. These branches include the deep...
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Veins of Upper Limbs01:17

Veins of Upper Limbs

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The human circulatory system, a marvel of biological engineering, is a complex network of vessels that transport blood throughout the body. Among these, the veins responsible for carrying blood from the upper limbs are divided into two categories: deep and superficial.
The deep venous system is primarily composed of the ulnar and radial veins. The ulnar vein, which drains the fingers through the superficial palmar venous arches, and the radial vein, which serves the palms via the deep palmar...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

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The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
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Upper Respiratory Drugs: Decongestants01:27

Upper Respiratory Drugs: Decongestants

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Decongestants are a class of medications used primarily to alleviate nasal congestion, a common symptom resulting from allergies, colds, sinusitis, and other upper respiratory tract infections. These drugs work by activating α-adrenergic receptors, constricting small blood vessels in the nasal membranes. This action results in the opening of clogged nasal passages, thereby facilitating sinus drainage and relieving congestion.
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Upper GI Series: Barium Swallow01:24

Upper GI Series: Barium Swallow

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The Barium Swallow Study, or a Barium Esophagogram, is a diagnostic imaging method used to visualize the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract, including the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine. It employs barium sulfate, a radiopaque contrast material, to provide clear images of the upper digestive system, helping to identify abnormalities, diseases, or structural issues.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 16, 2026

Technical Modification of the Terminal Ureter During Total Transperitoneal Laparoscopic Nephroureterectomy for Upper Urinary Tract Urothelial Carcinoma
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Upper tract urothelial cancer.

Adam Froemming1, Theodora Potretzke1, Naoki Takahashi1

  • 1Mayo Clinic, Department of Radiology, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55902, United States.

European Journal of Radiology
|December 28, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Imaging for upper tract urothelial carcinoma lacks consensus, with CT urography (CTU) being standard despite practice variations. MR urography shows future potential for diagnosing this uncommon but serious cancer.

Keywords:
CTUMRUUrothelial carcinoma imaging

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Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Radiology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) is uncommon, leading to a lack of standardized imaging guidelines.
  • CT urography (CTU) is the primary imaging modality, but significant variability exists in its application.
  • MR urography is emerging as a potential future tool with technological advancements.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current landscape of imaging for upper tract urothelial carcinoma.
  • To highlight the variability in CT urography protocols and the potential of MR urography.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature and imaging practices for upper tract urothelial carcinoma.
  • Discussion of the diagnostic performance and limitations of CT urography.
  • Exploration of the evolving role and potential of MR urography.

Main Results:

  • Upper tract urothelial carcinoma presents with diverse imaging findings, including papillary lesions, wall thickening, and infiltrative patterns.
  • Pelvicalyceal tumors are twice as common as ureteral tumors, often appearing as irregular enhancing filling defects.
  • Distal ureteral tumors constitute 73% of ureteral UTUC cases.

Conclusions:

  • Standardized imaging recommendations for UTUC are needed due to its uncommon nature and variable presentation.
  • Despite CTU's established role, protocol standardization is crucial.
  • MR urography holds promise for future UTUC diagnosis and management.