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Confirmation Biases

Confirmation Biases

The confirmation bias is the tendency to focus on information that confirms our existing beliefs and ignore information that is inconsistent with our expectations. For example, if you think that your professor is not very nice, you notice all of the instances of rude behavior exhibited by the professor while ignoring the countless pleasant interactions he is involved in on a daily basis. Have you ever fallen prey to the confirmation bias, either as the source or target of such bias?

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Coordination Number and Geometry

For transition metal complexes, the coordination number determines the geometry around the central metal ion. Table 1 compares coordination numbers to molecular geometry. The most common structures of the complexes in coordination compounds are octahedral, tetrahedral, and square planar.

Hindsight Biases

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Hindsight bias leads you to believe that the event you just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn’t. In other words, you knew all along that things would turn out the way they did. Can you relate this to the phrase "Hindsight is 20/20" now?

Lattice Centering and Coordination Number

Lattice Centering and Coordination Number

The structure of a crystalline solid, whether a metal or not, is best described by considering its simplest repeating unit, which is referred to as its unit cell. The unit cell consists of lattice points that represent the locations of atoms or ions. The entire structure then consists of this unit cell repeating in three dimensions. The three different types of unit cells present in the cubic lattice are illustrated in Figure 1.
Types of Unit Cells
Imagine taking a large number of identical...

Coordination Compounds and Nomenclature

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In most main group element compounds, the valence electrons of the isolated atoms combine to form chemical bonds that satisfy the octet rule. For instance, the four valence electrons of carbon overlap with electrons from four hydrogen atoms to form CH4. The one valence electron leaves sodium and adds to the seven valence electrons of chlorine to form the ionic formula unit NaCl (Figure 1a). Transition metals do not normally bond in this fashion. They primarily form coordinate covalent bonds, a...

Bias

Bias

Bias refers to any tendency that prevents a question from being considered unprejudiced. In research, bias occurs when one outcome or answer is selected or encouraged over others in sampling or testing. Bias can occur during any research phase, including study design, data collection, analysis, and publication.
In statistics, a sampling bias is created when a sample is collected from a population, and some members of the population are not as likely to be chosen as others (remember, each member...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 16, 2026

1,3,5-Triphenylbenzene and Corannulene as Electron Receptors for Lithium Solvated Electron Solutions

1,3,5-Triphenylbenzene and Corannulene as Electron Receptors for Lithium Solvated Electron Solutions

Published on: October 10, 2016

Corannulene-Based Coordination Cage with Helical Bias.

Fu Huang^1,2, Lishuang Ma¹, Yanke Che²

¹Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry and Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875, China.

The Journal of Organic Chemistry

|December 28, 2017

Summary

Researchers created the first corannulene-based molecular cage using metal-induced self-assembly. This cage exhibits a unique helical structure and stereoisomerism, with its helical sense controllable by chiral anions.

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Area of Science:

Supramolecular Chemistry
Organic Chemistry
Materials Science

Background:

Corannulene derivatives are key building blocks in supramolecular chemistry.
Self-assembly offers a powerful route to construct complex molecular architectures.
Previous molecular cages often utilized planar aromatic systems.

Purpose of the Study:

To report the first metal-induced self-assembly of a corannulene-based molecular cage.
To investigate the stereoisomeric properties and structural characteristics of this novel cage.
To explore methods for controlling the helical structure of the cage.

Main Methods:

Metal-induced self-assembly of specifically designed corannulene-based ligands.
Variable temperature spectroscopic analysis to study stereoisomer dynamics.
Chiral anion studies to induce and control helical bias.

Main Results:

Successful construction of the first corannulene-based molecular cage.
The cage exists as a mixture of four stereoisomers (two pairs of enantiomers) at ambient/elevated temperatures.
A temperature-dependent shift in enantiomer equilibrium was observed, favoring a single pair at low temperatures.
Efficient induction of helical bias was achieved using enantiopure anions, following a 'majority rule' with nonenantiopure anions.

Conclusions:

Corannulene-based molecular cages represent a new class of supramolecular structures.
The inherent helical nature and stereoisomerism of the cage are key features.
Chiral anions provide a tunable mechanism to control the helical sense of the molecular cage.