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Related Concept Videos

The Tumor Microenvironment02:17

The Tumor Microenvironment

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Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...
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Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Tumor Progression02:07

Tumor Progression

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Tumor progression is a phenomenon where the pre-formed tumor acquires successive mutations to become clinically more aggressive and malignant. In the 1950s, Foulds first described the stepwise progression of cancer cells through successive stages.
Colon cancer is one of the best-documented examples of tumor progression. Early mutation in the APC gene in colon cells causes a small growth on the colon wall called a polyp. With time, this polyp grows into a benign, pre-cancerous tumor. Further...
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Cancer Stem Cells and Tumor Maintenance02:40

Cancer Stem Cells and Tumor Maintenance

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Early diagnosis and treatment can often cure cancer. However, even with treatment, residual cells called cancer stem cells (CSC) might remain, often causing tumor recurrence. These cancer stem cells possess the potential for self-renewal and multi-lineage differentiation and are often responsible for the therapeutic resistance displayed in most cancers.
Cancer stem cells are thought to originate from tissue-specific normal stem cells or progenitor cells. The normal stem cells usually reside in...
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Loss of Tumor Suppressor Gene Functions01:12

Loss of Tumor Suppressor Gene Functions

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Tumor suppressor genes are normal genes that can slow down cell division, repair DNA mistakes, or program the cells for apoptosis in case of irreparable damage. Hence, they play an essential role in preventing the proliferation of damaged cells.
When the tumor suppressor genes develop mutations or are lost, cells start growing out of control, leading to cancer. However, a single functional copy of the tumor suppressor gene is enough for the cells to maintain their normal functions and cell...
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Microfluidic Device for Recreating a Tumor Microenvironment in Vitro
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Tumor Microenvironment-Enabled Nanotherapy.

Liying Wang1,2,3, Minfeng Huo1,2, Yu Chen1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructures, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, P. R. China.

Advanced Healthcare Materials
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Tumor microenvironment (TME) characteristics enable cancer cells to resist traditional therapies. TME-enabled nanotherapy offers novel strategies to overcome these challenges for improved cancer treatment.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Nanomedicine
  • Biomedicine

Background:

  • Abnormal tumor microenvironment (TME) conditions facilitate cancer cell evasion of conventional therapies.
  • Key TME factors include enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, intermediate biosynthesis, acidity, redox potential, and hypoxia.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the origins and characteristics of the TME.
  • To provide an overview of state-of-the-art TME-enabled nanotherapies for cancer treatment.
  • To discuss future challenges for clinical translation of TME-nanotherapies.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review of TME characteristics.
  • Analysis of current TME-enabled nanotherapeutic strategies.
  • Discussion of clinical translation obstacles.

Main Results:

  • TME features are critical for tumor progression and therapeutic resistance.
  • Nanomedicine strategies targeting TME show promise for various cancer therapies (chemo/chemodynamic, photodynamic, radiotherapy).

Conclusions:

  • TME-targeted nanotherapies represent a promising frontier in oncology.
  • Further research is needed to address challenges for successful clinical translation.