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The Delta-to-Delta Circuit01:17

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In a delta-delta configuration, the source and the load are connected in a delta manner, forming a closed loop that divides the network into three distinct phases. This configuration makes the phase voltages identical to line voltages. Assuming the sources are in positive sequence, the phase voltages can be expressed directly without having a neutral wire.
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A balanced wye-to-delta circuit comprises balanced Y-connected voltage sources and delta-connected loads with no neutral line connection.
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The Delta-to-Y Circuit01:16

The Delta-to-Y Circuit

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In the delta-wye circuit, the source is delta-connected, while the load is in a wye configuration. This means that the phase voltage of the delta-connected source is equal to the line voltage of the wye-connected load. The connection between two-line currents originates from the delta-connected source. The phase difference in the balanced system allows for calculating one line current given the other, utilizing the positive sequence of phases. In the delta-wye system, the phase currents in the...
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Air-entraining Agents01:27

Air-entraining Agents

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Air-entraining agents improve the durability and workability of concrete in climates with frequent freezing and thawing. These agents prevent cracks by introducing small air bubbles into the mix, creating spaces accommodating water expansion when temperatures drop. The air-entraining agents lower the surface tension of water, forming stable, small air bubbles. This method is more effective than having accidental large voids, as the intentional, smaller, and evenly distributed air voids improve...
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Air entrainment in concrete significantly enhances the material's durability, especially in environments subjected to freeze-thaw cycles. Introducing small air bubbles into the concrete mix acts as internal voids that accommodate the expansion of water when it freezes, thereby alleviating internal stress and preventing structural cracks. This function is crucial in climates with significant freezing and thawing, as it protects the concrete from repeated stresses that could lead to premature...
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Updated: Feb 16, 2026

Optogenetic Entrainment of Hippocampal Theta Oscillations in Behaving Mice
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Optogenetic Entrainment of Hippocampal Theta Oscillations in Behaving Mice

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Delta(but not theta)-band cortical entrainment involves speech-specific processing.

Nicola Molinaro1,2, Mikel Lizarazu1,3

  • 1BCBL, Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language, Paseo Mikeletegi, 69, 2°, 20009, Donostia/San Sebastian, Spain.

The European Journal of Neuroscience
|December 29, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Brain activity in the delta band, but not theta band, shows stronger speech entrainment, suggesting delta band oscillations are crucial for higher-order language processing.

Keywords:
coherencecortical entrainmentinferior frontal cortexneuronal oscillationsspeech processing

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Auditory Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Neuroscience

Background:

  • Cortical oscillations synchronize with speech envelope rhythm (speech-brain entrainment).
  • This entrainment occurs in both theta (4-8 Hz) and delta (<4 Hz) bands.
  • It remains unclear if this reflects passive auditory processing or active language parsing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To differentiate the roles of theta and delta band speech-brain entrainment.
  • To investigate whether entrainment reflects passive acoustics or active language processing.

Main Methods:

  • Two magnetoencephalography (MEG) experiments were conducted.
  • Cortical entrainment to natural speech was compared against amplitude-modulated noise and spectrally rotated speech.
  • Coherence between brain activity and auditory stimulus envelopes was calculated.

Main Results:

  • Increased delta and theta band coherence observed across all auditory conditions.
  • Delta band speech entrainment was significantly stronger than controls, unlike theta band.
  • Source reconstruction revealed greater delta band coherence in right superior temporal and left inferior frontal regions for speech.

Conclusions:

  • Theta band entrainment primarily reflects perceptual processing of auditory signals.
  • Delta band entrainment involves higher-order computations essential for language processing.
  • This suggests distinct neural mechanisms for different frequency bands in speech processing.