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Related Concept Videos

Expected Value01:15

Expected Value

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The expected value is known as the "long-term" average or mean. This means that over the long term of experimenting over and over, you would expect this average. The expected average is represented by the symbol μ. It is calculated as follows:
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Decreasing Function01:27

Decreasing Function

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A decreasing function describes a relationship where the output consistently declines as the input increases. This means that for any two input values, if one is greater than the other, the corresponding output is smaller. Mathematically, a function f is decreasing on an interval I if for every x1 < x2​ in I, f (x1) > f (x2). This type of behavior is visually identified on a graph that slopes downward from left to right.The nature of a function can be analyzed by calculating...
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Decreased Body Temperature01:29

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A decreased body temperature can occur in patients with hypothermia and frostbite. Heat loss with extended cold exposure overpowers the body's ability to create heat, resulting in hypothermia. Core temperature readings help classify hypothermia. Mild hypothermia is temperatures between 32 °C (89.6 °F) and 35°C (95 °F) and is caused by impaired thermoregulation. Moderate hypothermia is temperatures between 28 C (82.4 °F) and 32 °C (89.6 °F) caused by...
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Decreased pulse rate01:14

Decreased pulse rate

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Bradycardia is a medical condition in which the heart rate is slower than normal. It occurs when the heart's natural pacemaker, the sinus node, generates slower electrical impulses than the standard rhythm. In adults, bradycardia is diagnosed when the pulse rate falls below 60 beats per minute, indicating a deviation from the normal heart rate range.
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Determination of Expected Frequency01:08

Determination of Expected Frequency

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Suppose one wants to test independence between the two variables of a contingency table. The values in the table constitute the observed frequencies of the dataset. But how does one determine the expected frequency of the dataset? One of the important assumptions is that the two variables are independent, which means the variables do not influence each other. For independent variables, the statistical probability of any event involving both variables is calculated by multiplying the individual...
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Expected Frequencies in Goodness-of-Fit Tests01:19

Expected Frequencies in Goodness-of-Fit Tests

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A goodness-of-fit test is conducted to determine whether the observed frequency values are statistically similar to the frequencies expected for the dataset. Suppose the expected frequencies for a dataset are equal such as when predicting the frequency of any number appearing when casting a die. In that case, the expected frequency is the ratio of the total number of observations (n)  to the number of categories (k).
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 16, 2026

Lipidico Injection Protocol for Serial Crystallography Measurements at the Australian Synchrotron
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Australian wheat production expected to decrease by the late 21st century.

Bin Wang1, De L Liu1,2, Garry J O'Leary3

  • 1NSW Department of Primary Industries, Wagga Wagga Agricultural Institute, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia.

Global Change Biology
|December 29, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Climate change will reduce Australia's wheat production area and yield, impacting food security. Adaptation strategies can mitigate some effects, but further investment is crucial for long-term sustainability.

Keywords:
APSIM modeladaptation optionsclimate changeclimate suitabilityspecies distribution modelwheat yield

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Area of Science:

  • Agricultural Science
  • Climate Science
  • Environmental Science

Background:

  • Climate change poses a significant threat to global wheat production and food security.
  • Previous research focused on wheat yield per hectare, neglecting changes in suitable land area.
  • The impact of autonomous adaptation on future wheat production under climate change remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess future changes in climatically suitable areas for wheat cultivation in Australia.
  • To evaluate the impact of climate change on wheat yield per hectare.
  • To analyze the effectiveness of adaptation measures in mitigating climate change effects on Australian wheat production.

Main Methods:

  • Species distribution models were employed to predict changes in suitable wheat-growing areas.
  • A crop model was utilized to simulate wheat yield per hectare under projected climate conditions.
  • Scenario analysis was conducted to assess the effects of adaptation strategies and emission scenarios.

Main Results:

  • A general decrease in climatically suitable areas for wheat cultivation in Australia is projected.
  • The northeast Australian wheat belt is expected to experience declining yields.
  • While some regions like South Australia and Victoria may see benefits, national production is likely to decrease.
  • Adaptation measures can partially mitigate negative impacts by 2041-2060, but are insufficient by 2081-2100 under high CO2 emissions.

Conclusions:

  • Climate change is projected to reduce suitable wheat-growing areas and overall production in Australia.
  • Adaptation strategies offer partial mitigation but are insufficient to prevent decline under severe climate change scenarios.
  • Additional adaptation strategies and investment are essential to maintain Australian wheat production and global food security.