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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 16, 2026

Construction of Constant-Load (Isotonic) and Constant-Velocity (Isokinetic) Torque-Velocity-Power Profiles In vivo for the Rat Plantar Flexors

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Potential Relationship between Passive Plantar Flexor Stiffness and Running Performance.

Hiromasa Ueno¹, Tadashi Suga¹, Kenji Takao¹

¹Ritsumeikan University, Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan.

International Journal of Sports Medicine

|December 30, 2017

Summary

Stiffer plantar flexors are linked to better running performance and economy in endurance runners. This suggests passive plantar flexor stiffness is a key factor for assessing running ability.

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Area of Science:

Biomechanics
Exercise Physiology
Sports Science

Background:

Running performance in endurance athletes is influenced by various biomechanical factors.
The role of passive muscle-tendon unit properties, specifically plantar flexor stiffness, in modulating running economy and performance requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the relationship between passive plantar flexor stiffness and running performance metrics in well-trained male endurance runners.
To compare passive plantar flexor stiffness between endurance runners and untrained individuals.

Main Methods:

Passive plantar flexor stiffness was quantified using the torque-angle relationship during passive dorsiflexion.
Running economy was assessed by measuring energy cost during submaximal treadmill running at various speeds (14, 16, 18 km/h).
Participants included 48 well-trained male endurance runners and 24 untrained male controls.

Main Results:

Endurance runners exhibited significantly higher passive plantar flexor stiffness compared to untrained subjects.
Passive plantar flexor stiffness was significantly correlated with improved 5000-m race times in endurance runners.
Higher passive plantar flexor stiffness was associated with greater running economy (lower energy cost) at 16 and 18 km/h, with a trend at 14 km/h.

Conclusions:

Stiffer plantar flexors may contribute to enhanced running performance and improved running economy in endurance runners.
Passive plantar flexor stiffness emerges as a potential clinical parameter for evaluating running performance in athletes.