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Related Concept Videos

Coefficient of Variation01:10

Coefficient of Variation

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The coefficient of variation measures the dispersion of the data points or distribution around the mean. Using the coefficient of variation, we can compare two data series with drastically different means or different units of measurement. The coefficient of variation for a sample and a population is expressed as a percentage of the ratio of standard deviation to the mean.
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The correlation coefficient, r, developed by Karl Pearson in the early 1900s, is numerical and provides a measure of strength and direction of the linear association between the independent variable x and the dependent variable y.
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The confidence coefficient is also known as the confidence level or degree of confidence. It is the percent expression for the probability, 1-α, that the confidence interval contains the true population parameter assuming that the confidence interval is obtained after sufficient unbiased sampling; for example, if the CL = 90%, then in 90 out of 100 samples the interval estimate will enclose the true population parameter. Here α is the area under the curve, distributed equally under...
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Thermodynamics: Activity Coefficient01:24

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Activity is the measure of the effective concentration of the species in solution. It can be expressed as the product of the molar concentration of the species and its activity coefficient. The activity coefficient is a dimensionless quantity and depends on the total ionic strength of the solution.
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Reflection of Waves01:07

Reflection of Waves

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When a wave travels from one medium to another, it gets reflected at the boundary of the second medium. A common example of this is when a person yells at a distance from a cliff and hears the echo of their voice. The sound waves (longitudinal waves) traveling in the air are reflected from the bounding cliff. Similarly, flipping one end of a string whose other end is tied to a wall causes a pulse (transverse wave) to travel through the string, which gets reflected upon reaching the wall. In...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 16, 2026

An Experimental and Finite Element Protocol to Investigate the Transport of Neutral and Charged Solutes across Articular Cartilage
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Characterization of interface reflection coefficients using a finite-difference injection technique.

Nele Börsing1, Carly M Donahue1, Dirk-Jan van Manen1

  • 1Institute of Geophysics, Department of Earth Sciences, ETH Zürich, Sonneggstrasse 5, CH-8092, Zürich, Switzerland.

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
|January 1, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new numerical wave field injection technique accurately characterizes medium interface reflection coefficients. This method separates incident and reflected waves without Fourier transforms, enabling precise property determination.

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Area of Science:

  • Geophysics
  • Computational Seismology
  • Wave Propagation

Background:

  • Accurate characterization of medium interfaces is crucial in geophysical exploration.
  • Traditional methods for analyzing wave reflections often involve complex data processing steps.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a novel numerical wave field injection technique.
  • To characterize the reflection coefficient of planar medium interfaces.
  • To separate and analyze incident and reflected wave fields efficiently.

Main Methods:

  • Injecting recorded wave field quantities into a 3D finite-difference calculation.
  • Separating wave fields into incident and reflected constituents without spatial Fourier transforms or temporal separation.
  • Extrapolating separated wave constituents to the interface for property determination.

Main Results:

  • The proposed technique successfully separates incident and reflected wave fields.
  • Accurate determination of the reflection coefficient for a planar interface.
  • Experimental validation using 3D laboratory data from a water-air interface.
  • Accurate results obtained for incidence angles up to 60 degrees.

Conclusions:

  • The numerical wave field injection technique provides an accurate and efficient method for characterizing medium interface reflection coefficients.
  • This method simplifies wave field separation, offering advantages over traditional approaches.
  • The technique is robust and validated for practical geophysical applications.