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Updated: Feb 16, 2026

Fabrication of Three-dimensional Paper-based Microfluidic Devices for Immunoassays
Published on: March 9, 2017
Rapid detection of clenbuterol in milk using microfluidic paper-based ELISA
Luyao Ma1, Azadeh Nilghaz1, Jane Ru Choi1
1Food, Nutrition and Health Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z4, Canada.
Abstract:
In this study, a paper-based microfluidic enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed as a screening system for rapid detection of clenbuterol, which is illegally used as a growth promoter for food-producing animals. The microfluidic paper-based analytical device (μPAD) was combined with ELISA and the intrinsic properties of paper allowed the entrapment of antibody through cellulosic fibres, validating to be an alternative to 96-well ELISA microplate for food safety monitoring. Detection of clenbuterol in milk was achieved by measuring the intensity of colour change that was proportional to the analyte concentration with a detection limit of 0.2 ppb. The μPAD effectively reduces the cost, volume of reagents, and time required to run ELISA for food sample testing.
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