Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Forgetting01:21

Forgetting

431
Forgetting is an intrinsic aspect of human memory, characterized by the gradual loss or inaccessibility of information over time. Hermann Ebbinghaus, a pioneering psychologist, extensively studied this phenomenon and formulated the forgetting curve. This curve illustrates that memory loss occurs rapidly immediately after learning and then decelerates over time. Several mechanisms contribute to forgetting, including encoding failure, storage decay, retrieval failure, and interference.
Encoding...
431
Antipsychotic Drugs: Typical and Atypical Agents01:21

Antipsychotic Drugs: Typical and Atypical Agents

933
Antipsychotic drugs are classified into first-generation (typical) drugs including phenothiazines; and second-generation (atypical) drugs. Chlorpromazine hydrochloride (Thorazine), a phenothiazine derivative, broadly impacts the central, autonomic, and endocrine systems. This drug, along with typical agents like haloperidol (Haldol), primarily works by antagonizing D2 receptors, thus reducing dopaminergic neurotransmission. However, typical antipsychotics can cause side effects such as sedation...
933
Receptor-mediated Endocytosis01:38

Receptor-mediated Endocytosis

111.6K
Overview
111.6K
Directing Effect of Substituents: meta-Directing Groups01:09

Directing Effect of Substituents: meta-Directing Groups

6.1K
Substituents on the benzene ring that direct an incoming electrophile to undergo substitution at the meta position are called meta directors. All meta directors either have a positive charge on the atom directly bonded to the ring or a partial positive charge. These groups function by withdrawing electrons from the ring through inductive and resonance effects. Consider the carbocation intermediates formed upon the addition of an electrophile on nitrobenzene at the...
6.1K
Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay02:27

Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay

11.9K
The Upf proteins that carry out nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) are found in all eukaryotic organisms, including humans. Each protein has an individual role, but they need to work in collaboration. Upf1 is an ATP-dependent RNA helicase that unwinds the RNA helix. Because Upf1 can unwind any RNA, Upf2 and Upf3 are required to help Upf1 discriminate between nonsense and normal mRNAs.
Usually, Upf3 binds to an Exon Junction Complex (EJC) at mRNA splice sites. If a ribosome fully translates the mRNA,...
11.9K
Directing Effect of Substituents: ortho–para-Directing Groups01:14

Directing Effect of Substituents: ortho–para-Directing Groups

8.7K
Ortho–para directors are substituent groups attached to the benzene ring and direct the addition of an electrophile to the positions ortho or para to the substituent. All electron-donating groups are considered ortho–para directors. They donate electrons to the ring and make the ring more electron-rich. The ring is therefore susceptible to the addition of electrophiles. Substituents such as amino, hydroxy, or alkoxy, containing lone pairs on the atom adjacent to the ring, donate...
8.7K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

The sunk cost effect across species: A review of persistence in a course of action due to prior investment.

Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior·2016
Same author

A delay-specific differential outcomes effect in delayed matching to sample.

Learning & behavior·2015
Same author

The sunk cost effect in pigeons and people: a case of within-trials contrast?

Behavioural processes·2014
Same author

Attentuation of the differential outcomes effect by extraneous reward.

Behavioural processes·2014
Same author

The effect of a prior investment on choice: the sunk cost effect.

Journal of experimental psychology. Animal learning and cognition·2014
Same author

Persistence in extinction: the sunk time effect.

Journal of experimental psychology. Animal learning and cognition·2014
Same journal

The Genoeconomics of Impulsive Intertemporal Choice: A Critical Review.

Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior·2026
Same journal

Shaping the extinction burst: Increasing its probability and preventing its emergence across topographies.

Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior·2026
Same journal

Evaluating the combined effects of effort and probability on monetary discounting.

Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior·2026
Same journal

An improved translational approach to studying persistence-strengthening effects of differential reinforcement of alternative behavior.

Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior·2026
Same journal

Interactions between the effects of food and water motivating operations on concurrent food- and water-reinforced responding in mice.

Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior·2026
Same journal

Odor-visual and visual-visual matching to sample with dogs.

Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 16, 2026

Clinical Examination Protocol to Detect Atypical and Classical Scrapie in Sheep
13:42

Clinical Examination Protocol to Detect Atypical and Classical Scrapie in Sheep

Published on: January 19, 2014

14.1K

Direct remembering, mediated remembering, and atypical forgetting functions.

K Geoffrey White1

  • 1University of Otago, New Zealand.

Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior
|January 3, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Atypical forgetting functions in memory tasks are not always a simple decline over time. Behavioral theories explain these complex memory patterns by considering changes in attention or reinforcement context, not just time.

Keywords:
behavioral theories of rememberingdelay-specific discriminationdelayed matching to sampleforgetting functionsforgetting-function reversals

More Related Videos

Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial Function: A Technical Guideline of the Flow-mediated Dilation Test
06:35

Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial Function: A Technical Guideline of the Flow-mediated Dilation Test

Published on: April 27, 2016

18.8K
EEG Mu Rhythm in Typical and Atypical Development
11:50

EEG Mu Rhythm in Typical and Atypical Development

Published on: April 9, 2014

26.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 16, 2026

Clinical Examination Protocol to Detect Atypical and Classical Scrapie in Sheep
13:42

Clinical Examination Protocol to Detect Atypical and Classical Scrapie in Sheep

Published on: January 19, 2014

14.1K
Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial Function: A Technical Guideline of the Flow-mediated Dilation Test
06:35

Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial Function: A Technical Guideline of the Flow-mediated Dilation Test

Published on: April 27, 2016

18.8K
EEG Mu Rhythm in Typical and Atypical Development
11:50

EEG Mu Rhythm in Typical and Atypical Development

Published on: April 9, 2014

26.6K

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Behavioral Neuroscience
  • Animal Cognition

Background:

  • Atypical forgetting functions challenge traditional models of memory decay.
  • Studies on delayed matching to sample reveal non-monotonic forgetting curves.
  • These functions reflect dynamic changes in discrimination levels during retention intervals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze atypical forgetting functions observed in delayed matching to sample tasks.
  • To evaluate the explanatory power of existing behavioral theories of remembering.
  • To determine if theories can account for time-independent changes affecting memory.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental manipulation of conditions during retention intervals in delayed matching to sample tasks.
  • Analysis of accuracy and discriminability as functions of retention interval duration.
  • Quantitative comparison of empirical data with predictions from Nevin et al. (2007) and White & Brown (2014) models.

Main Results:

  • Observed atypical forgetting functions where accuracy can increase over time.
  • Demonstrated that changes in discrimination levels can occur at any point in the retention interval.
  • Found that both Nevin et al. and White & Brown theories can model these atypical functions.

Conclusions:

  • Behavioral theories incorporating time-independent changes in attention or reinforcement context effectively explain atypical forgetting.
  • These theoretical frameworks offer a more robust account of memory dynamics than time-dependent forgetting models.
  • Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for a comprehensive theory of remembering.