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Related Concept Videos

Unusual Results01:16

Unusual Results

3.9K
Unusual results are those that have a very low chance of occurring. Unusual results can be identified using probabilities and the range rule of thumb. In problems involving probability, unusual results can be observed in 2 instances – an unusually high number of successes or an unusually low number of successes.
According to the range rule of thumb, any value above or below two standard deviations, 2σ  from the mean, μ  is considered unusual.
Maximum unusual value =...
3.9K
z Scores and Unusual Values01:07

z Scores and Unusual Values

11.1K
The z score is one of the three measures of relative standing. It describes the location of a value in a dataset relative to the mean. z scores are obtained after the standardization of the values in a dataset. The z score for the mean is 0.
 This score indicates how far a value is from the mean in terms of standard deviation. For example, if a data value has a z score of +1, the researcher can infer that the particular data value is one standard deviation above the mean. If another data...
11.1K
Network Covalent Solids02:18

Network Covalent Solids

16.3K
Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
To break or to melt a covalent network solid, covalent bonds must be broken. Because covalent bonds are relatively strong, covalent network solids are typically...
16.3K
Electron Configuration of Multielectron Atoms03:26

Electron Configuration of Multielectron Atoms

65.4K
The alkali metal sodium (atomic number 11) has one more electron than the neon atom. This electron must go into the lowest-energy subshell available, the 3s orbital, giving a 1s22s22p63s1 configuration. The electrons occupying the outermost shell orbital(s) (highest value of n) are called valence electrons, and those occupying the inner shell orbitals are called core electrons. Since the core electron shells correspond to noble gas electron configurations, we can abbreviate electron...
65.4K
Lampbrush Chromosomes01:51

Lampbrush Chromosomes

8.7K
In 1882, Flemming observed lampbrush chromosomes (LBC) in salamander eggs. Later in 1892, Rückert observed LBCs in shark egg cells and coined the term "lampbrush chromosomes" because they looked like brushes used to clean kerosene lamps.
LBCs are made up of two pairs of conjugating homologous chromatids. Each chromatid consists of alternatively positioned regions of condensed-inactive chromatin and loosely placed-active side loops, which can be contracted and extended. The loops...
8.7K
Alkali Metals03:06

Alkali Metals

25.0K
Group 1 elements are soft and shiny metallic solids. They are malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity. The melting points of the alkali metals are unusually low for metals and decrease going down the group, while the density increases going down the group with the exception of potassium (Table 1).
Table 1: Properties of the alkali metals
25.0K

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Updated: Feb 16, 2026

Electroporation of Craniofacial Mesenchyme
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Unusual Craniofacial Distraction.

Aina V H Greig1, Court B Cutting, Jamie Levine

  • 1Institute of Reconstructive Plastic Surgery, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY.

The Journal of Craniofacial Surgery
|January 6, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study reviews challenging craniofacial distraction osteogenesis cases using rigid external distractors. It highlights complex scenarios in reconstructive plastic surgery for improved patient outcomes.

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Area of Science:

  • Plastic Surgery
  • Orthodontics
  • Craniofacial Surgery

Background:

  • Craniofacial distraction osteogenesis is a surgical technique used to correct congenital or acquired deformities of the craniofacial skeleton.
  • Rigid external distractor devices are commonly employed to achieve gradual bone lengthening.
  • A retrospective review was conducted to analyze challenging cases.

Observation:

  • Three particularly challenging cases of craniofacial distraction osteogenesis were identified from patients treated between 2000 and 2010.
  • These cases involved complex anatomical variations and treatment hurdles.
  • The rigid external distractor device was utilized in all cases.

Findings:

  • Detailed presentation of three complex craniofacial distraction osteogenesis cases.
  • Analysis of the challenges encountered and the surgical strategies employed.
  • Outcomes and lessons learned from managing these difficult cases.

Implications:

  • Provides insights into managing complex craniofacial deformities through distraction osteogenesis.
  • Offers valuable information for surgeons dealing with challenging cases in reconstructive plastic surgery.
  • Contributes to the body of knowledge on optimizing outcomes in craniofacial surgery.