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Metallic Solids

Metallic Solids

Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....

Metal-Ligand Bonds

Metal-Ligand Bonds

The hemoglobin in the blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain coordination compounds. Ions of the metals, especially the transition metals, are likely to form complexes.
In these complexes, transition metals form coordinate covalent bonds, a kind of Lewis acid-base interaction in which both of the electrons in the bond are contributed by a donor (Lewis base) to an electron acceptor (Lewis acid). The Lewis acid in...

Bonding in Metals

Bonding in Metals

Metallic bonds are formed between two metal atoms. A simplified model to describe metallic bonding has been developed by Paul Drüde called the “Electron Sea Model”.

Alkali Metals

Alkali Metals

Group 1 elements are soft and shiny metallic solids. They are malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity. The melting points of the alkali metals are unusually low for metals and decrease going down the group, while the density increases going down the group with the exception of potassium (Table 1).
Table 1: Properties of the alkali metals

C4 Pathway and CAM

C4 Pathway and CAM

Most plants use the C3 pathway for carbon fixation. However, some plants, such as sugar cane, corn, and cacti that grow in hot conditions, use alternative pathways to fix carbon and conserve energy loss due to photorespiration. Photorespiration is the process that occurs when the oxygen concentration is high. Under such conditions, the rubisco enzyme in the Calvin cycle binds O2 instead of CO2, which halts photosynthesis and consumes energy.
C4 Pathway
The C4 pathway is used by plants such as...

Properties of Transition Metals

Properties of Transition Metals

Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.

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Updated: Feb 16, 2026

Generation of Scalable, Metallic High-Aspect Ratio Nanocomposites in a Biological Liquid Medium

Generation of Scalable, Metallic High-Aspect Ratio Nanocomposites in a Biological Liquid Medium

Published on: July 8, 2015

A Scalable Synthesis Pathway to Nanoporous Metal Structures.

Christopher Coaty¹, Hongyao Zhou¹, Haodong Liu¹

¹Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States.

|January 9, 2018

Summary

A new scalable, room-temperature method synthesizes nanoporous transition metals like iron and gold. This versatile technique creates tunable metal structures with controlled pore sizes and high surface areas for advanced applications.

Keywords:

lithium conversion reactions nanocomposites nanopores nanoporous metals three-dimensional nanostructures transition metals

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Last Updated: Feb 16, 2026

Generation of Scalable, Metallic High-Aspect Ratio Nanocomposites in a Biological Liquid Medium

Generation of Scalable, Metallic High-Aspect Ratio Nanocomposites in a Biological Liquid Medium

Published on: July 8, 2015

Molten-Salt Synthesis of Complex Metal Oxide Nanoparticles

Molten-Salt Synthesis of Complex Metal Oxide Nanoparticles

Published on: October 27, 2018

Synthesis and Characterization of Functionalized Metal-organic Frameworks

Synthesis and Characterization of Functionalized Metal-organic Frameworks

Published on: September 5, 2014

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Nanotechnology
Chemistry

Background:

Nanoporous materials offer unique properties due to their high surface area and tunable pore structures.
Traditional synthesis methods for nanoporous metals can be complex, costly, and difficult to scale.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a scalable, room-temperature synthesis process for various nanoporous transition metals.
To investigate the tunability of microstructure, pore size, and surface area.
To explore the synthesis of hybrid nanoporous structures.

Main Methods:

Reaction of metal halide compounds with organolithium reductants in a nonpolar solvent.
Formation of metal/lithium halide nanocomposites.
Dissolution of lithium halide to yield nanoporous metal networks.

Main Results:

Successful synthesis of nanoporous iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), gold (Au), and copper (Cu) at room temperature.
Achieved tunable pore sizes (2-50 nm) and specific surface areas (1.0-160 m²/g).
Demonstrated synthesis of hybrid nanoporous structures with enhanced properties.

Conclusions:

The developed method provides a scalable and versatile pathway to a wide range of nanoporous metals and alloys.
Microstructure and properties are controllable by adjusting synthesis parameters.
Hybrid structures exhibit improved characteristics compared to pure metal counterparts.