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Updated: Feb 16, 2026

Author Spotlight: Advancements in the Fabrication of Synthetic Vocal Fold Models for Phonetic and Robotic Applications
Published on: January 5, 2024
The Ferret as a Surgical Model for Vocal Fold Scar Creation and Treatment
Haruka Kodama1, Yoshihiko Kumai1, Kohei Nishimoto2
11 Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kumamoto, Japan.
Objectives:
To develop a vocal fold (VF) scarring procedure in the ferret, characterize the scars histologically, and test the injectability of the lamina propria (LP). Secondarily, to compare laryngeal anatomy of the ferret with rat and rabbit.
Materials And Methods:
The larynges of 18 male ferrets were prepared by unilateral scarring, and normal larynges from 6 female Wistar rats and 5 male albino rabbits were used for comparative purposes. For scarring, the right VF were electrocauterized, ablating the entire LP. Prior to harvesting the larynges at 4 and 16 weeks, each ferret was re-anesthetized, and in 3 animals, India ink was injected into the LPs of both normal and scarred VFs.
Results:
Laryngoscopic methods and instrumentation for precise visualization, scarring, and injection were developed. The scarred VFs had reduced hyaluronic acid and increased collagen type I, III, and fibronectin compared with normal VFs. The 2 timepoints (4 and 16 weeks) differed significantly only in collagen type III level (levels were higher at 4 weeks). Injected ink migrated from scarred LP to muscle layer just beneath the scarred tissue 3 hours after injection.
Conclusion:
The ferret is a promising species for creation and experimental treatment of vocal fold scar.
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