Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory01:26

Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory

2.2K
Memory is one of the most vital higher mental functions of the brain. Memory is closely related to learning because it enables us to retain information and experiences from our past to use them in our present life. It also helps us to remember facts, events, and skills, such as riding a bike or swimming. There are two types of memory — declarative memory, which involves memorizing facts or events, and procedural memory, which enables us to remember how to do something like writing or...
2.2K
Complement System01:27

Complement System

11.0K
The complement system is a group of approximately 20 plasma proteins that strengthen the body's defenses against infections through opsonization, inflammation, and cell lysis. Opsonization involves coating pathogens with complement proteins, making them more recognizable and facilitating phagocyte engulfment. Certain complement proteins induce inflammation that attracts immune cells to the site of infection. Cell lysis involves the destruction of pathogens through the formation of a...
11.0K
Lobes of the Cerebrum01:22

Lobes of the Cerebrum

4.8K
The cerebral cortex, a critical structure of the brain, is intricately divided into two hemispheres, each consisting of four distinct lobes: occipital, temporal, frontal, and parietal. These lobes function cooperatively to regulate various cognitive and sensory functions, forming the basis of our complex neural capabilities.
Frontal lobe
The frontal lobes, located behind the forehead, are the command center of our brain, controlling personality, intelligence, and voluntary muscle movements....
4.8K
Complementation Tests00:49

Complementation Tests

6.3K
A complementation test is a simple cross to identify whether the two mutations are located on the same gene or different genes. It was first performed by Edward Lewis in the 1940s while working on fruit flies. He developed the test to identify the location and arrangement of different mutations on chromosomes.
Organisms heterozygous for different mutations are crossed pairwise in all combinations. If present on different genes, the mutations can complement each other by providing the missing...
6.3K
Genetics of Speciation02:16

Genetics of Speciation

22.0K
Speciation is the evolutionary process resulting in the formation of new, distinct species—groups of reproductively isolated populations.
22.0K
Predicting Molecular Geometry02:27

Predicting Molecular Geometry

46.2K
VSEPR Theory for Determination of Electron Pair Geometries
46.2K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Evidence supporting the use of a brief cognitive assessment in routine clinical assessment for psychosis.

Schizophrenia (Heidelberg, Germany)·2022
Same author

Brain charts for the human lifespan.

Nature·2022
Same author

Mixed higher-order anisotropic flow and nonlinear response coefficients of charged particles in <math></math> collisions at <math> </math> and 5.02 <math></math>.

The European physical journal. C, Particles and fields·2020
Same author

Measurement of the Jet Mass Distribution and Top Quark Mass in Hadronic Decays of Boosted Top Quarks in pp Collisions at sqrt[s]=13  TeV.

Physical review letters·2020
Same author

Constraints on the χ_{c1} versus χ_{c2} Polarizations in Proton-Proton Collisions at sqrt[s]=8  TeV.

Physical review letters·2020
Same author

Search for a Narrow Resonance Lighter than 200 GeV Decaying to a Pair of Muons in Proton-Proton Collisions at sqrt[s]=13  TeV.

Physical review letters·2020
Same journal

Adversity as the key feature: neuroimaging profiles of subtypes from multiple depression risk factors.

Psychological medicine·2026
Same journal

Sorting the mind: cognitive enhancement through transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Psychological medicine·2026
Same journal

Depression and aging: insights from brain age prediction models.

Psychological medicine·2026
Same journal

An integrative NLP framework identifies multilevel linguistic phenotypes of schizophrenia across tasks.

Psychological medicine·2026
Same journal

Genetic heterogeneity affects the risk of incident depression, comorbidity, and response to environment: A prospective trajectory study.

Psychological medicine·2026
Same journal

DTI-ALPS and subcortical structural-functional coupling mediate the impact of sleep quality on working memory in insomnia disorder.

Psychological medicine·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 16, 2026

Anteromesial Temporal Lobectomy for Medically Intractable Temporal Lobe Epilepsy: An Operative Study
11:29

Anteromesial Temporal Lobectomy for Medically Intractable Temporal Lobe Epilepsy: An Operative Study

Published on: August 15, 2025

2.5K

Genetically predicted complement component 4A expression: effects on memory function and middle temporal lobe

G Donohoe1, J Holland1, D Mothersill1

  • 1The Cognitive Genetics & Cognitive Therapy Group,The School of Psychology and Discipline of Biochemistry,The Centre for Neuroimaging & Cognitive Genomics,National University of Ireland Galway,University Road,Galway,Ireland.

Psychological Medicine
|January 10, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Increased complement component 4A (C4A) RNA expression is linked to poorer memory and reduced brain activity in healthy individuals, suggesting a mechanism for schizophrenia risk.

Keywords:
Complement component 4MHC complexmemory functionschizophreniatemporal cortex

More Related Videos

Network Analysis of the Default Mode Network Using Functional Connectivity MRI in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
12:09

Network Analysis of the Default Mode Network Using Functional Connectivity MRI in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

Published on: August 5, 2014

18.6K
A Comprehensive Protocol for Manual Segmentation of the Medial Temporal Lobe Structures
12:30

A Comprehensive Protocol for Manual Segmentation of the Medial Temporal Lobe Structures

Published on: July 2, 2014

21.0K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 16, 2026

Anteromesial Temporal Lobectomy for Medically Intractable Temporal Lobe Epilepsy: An Operative Study
11:29

Anteromesial Temporal Lobectomy for Medically Intractable Temporal Lobe Epilepsy: An Operative Study

Published on: August 15, 2025

2.5K
Network Analysis of the Default Mode Network Using Functional Connectivity MRI in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
12:09

Network Analysis of the Default Mode Network Using Functional Connectivity MRI in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

Published on: August 5, 2014

18.6K
A Comprehensive Protocol for Manual Segmentation of the Medial Temporal Lobe Structures
12:30

A Comprehensive Protocol for Manual Segmentation of the Medial Temporal Lobe Structures

Published on: July 2, 2014

21.0K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Genetics
  • Psychiatry

Background:

  • The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) locus is associated with schizophrenia (SZ) risk.
  • Structural variation in the complement component 4 (C4) gene partially explains this association.
  • Higher C4A RNA expression in the brain is linked to increased SZ risk and influences synaptic pruning.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between predicted C4A RNA expression and memory function in psychosis cases and healthy individuals.
  • To examine the relationship between predicted C4A RNA expression and cortical activation during cognitive tasks.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a large dataset (n=1238) of psychosis cases and healthy participants.
  • Assessed memory recall performance and task-dependent cortical activation.
  • Predicted C4A RNA expression based on genetic information from the MHC region.

Main Results:

  • Increased predicted C4A RNA expression was significantly associated with poorer memory recall (p=0.016).
  • In healthy participants, higher predicted C4A RNA expression correlated with reduced middle temporal cortex activity during visual processing (p<0.05).

Conclusions:

  • C4 influences cognition at both behavioral and cortical levels, potentially mediating illness risk.
  • Memory and learning deficits linked to C4 may offer therapeutic targets for novel molecular interventions.