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Related Concept Videos

Preparation of Amines: Alkylation of Ammonia and Amines01:30

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Alkylation is one of the methods used to prepare amines. Direct alkylation of ammonia or a primary amine with an alkyl halide gives polyalkylated amines along with a quaternary ammonium salt through successive SN2 reactions. This process of making the quaternary salt through the direct alkylation method is called exhaustive alkylation.
Each alkylation step makes the nitrogen center more nucleophilic, which triggers successive alkylations until a quaternary ammonium salt is formed. Considering...
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Behaviors are actions that an organism engages in—they can be related to finding food, reproducing, defending against threats, and many other possible actions. Behaviors include activities related to the environment around the animal—such as migration—as well as social interactions within a species or population. Many behaviors involve motor output—that is, muscle movements—while others involve less visible actions, such as learning.
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Reduction of Alkynes to trans-Alkenes: Sodium in Liquid Ammonia02:10

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Alkynes can be reduced to trans-alkenes using sodium or lithium in liquid ammonia. The reaction, known as dissolving metal reduction, proceeds with an anti addition of hydrogen across the carbon–carbon triple bond to form the trans product. Since ammonia exists as a gas (bp = −33°C) at room temperature, the reaction is carried out at low temperatures using a mixture of dry ice (sublimes at −78°C) and acetone. 
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Although gaseous molecules travel at tremendous speeds (hundreds of meters per second), they collide with other gaseous molecules and travel in many different directions before reaching the desired target. At room temperature, a gaseous molecule will experience billions of collisions per second. The mean free path is the average distance a molecule travels between collisions. The mean free path increases with decreasing pressure; in general, the mean free path for a gaseous molecule will be...
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The field of behaviorism was pioneered by figures such as Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson, and B.F. Skinner fundamentally shifted the focus of psychology to the observable and controllable aspects of human and animal behavior. This shift marked a critical evolution in the discipline, emphasizing scientific rigor and experimental methodology.
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Behavior therapy incorporates diverse techniques rooted in classical conditioning principles to address maladaptive behaviors and anxiety disorders. These methods aim to reduce avoidance behaviors, foster adaptive coping mechanisms, and alter associations between stimuli and responses, making them effective in a wide range of therapeutic contexts.
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Ammonia Induces Settlement Behavior in Oyster Larvae.

S L Coon, M Walch, W K Fitt

    The Biological Bulletin
    |January 10, 2018
    PubMed
    Summary

    Ammonia (NH3) triggers oyster larvae settlement behavior. This response is rapid but temporary, suggesting ammonia may be a natural cue for oyster recruitment.

    Area of Science:

    • Marine Biology
    • Chemical Ecology
    • Larval Ecology

    Background:

    • Oyster larvae settlement is crucial for population replenishment.
    • Understanding environmental cues that trigger settlement is vital for aquaculture and conservation.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the role of ammonia (NH3) as a settlement cue for oyster larvae.
    • To determine the concentration thresholds and response kinetics of larvae to ammonia.

    Main Methods:

    • Exposing oyster larvae to varying concentrations of ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) at pH 8.0.
    • Observing and quantifying settlement behavior in response to ammonia exposure.
    • Comparing ammonia's effects with other weak bases and L-DOPA.

    Main Results:

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    • Un-ionized ammonia (NH3) is the active species inducing settlement behavior.
    • Threshold concentration for newly competent larvae is 2.5 mM NH4Cl (100 µM NH3).
    • Larvae exhibit rapid settlement (>90% in <5 min) at 7.9 mM NH4Cl (310 µM NH3), but habituate within 30 min.

    Conclusions:

    • Ammonia acts as a potent, albeit temporary, settlement cue for oyster larvae.
    • The mechanism likely involves an increase in intracellular pH, similar to other weak bases.
    • Ammonia may serve as a natural environmental signal promoting oyster settlement and recruitment.