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Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Processing of Human Reduction Mammoplasty and Mastectomy Tissues for Cell Culture

Processing of Human Reduction Mammoplasty and Mastectomy Tissues for Cell Culture

Published on: January 3, 2013

Tail reduction process during human embryonic development.

Sayaka Tojima^1,2, Haruyuki Makishima³, Tetsuya Takakuwa⁴

¹Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan.

Journal of Anatomy

|January 10, 2018

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Human embryonic development involves tail formation, followed by reduction. This study visualizes somite changes, revealing a common tail reduction mechanism in amniotes and insights into human tail anomalies.

Keywords:

amniotes evolution somite tail three-dimensional reconstruction

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Processing of Human Reduction Mammoplasty and Mastectomy Tissues for Cell Culture

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Area of Science:

Developmental Biology
Evolutionary Biology
Human Anatomy

Background:

Embryonic development in humans includes a transient tail, similar to other amniotes.
The evolutionary process of human tail reduction remains unclear.
Congenital 'human tail' anomalies are poorly understood, with their link to embryonic tails unverified.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a novel method for visualizing all somites in embryonic development.
To investigate the process of tail reduction during human embryonic development.
To explore potential common mechanisms of tail morphogenesis in amniotes.

Main Methods:

Utilized sagittal-sectioned human embryos from Carnegie Stage (CS) 13 to CS23.
Employed photomicroscopy and 3D reconstruction techniques.
Visualized and labeled all somites within the developing embryos.

Main Results:

Successfully visualized and labeled somites in human embryos.
Observed a peak in somite number at CS16, followed by a significant decrease of approximately five somites.
Identified tail reduction correlating with somite decrease, mirroring patterns in short-tailed amniotes.

Conclusions:

The observed tail reduction mechanism suggests a potential commonality across amniote species.
Findings offer new insights into the developmental origins of the congenital 'human tail' anomaly.
Elucidating embryonic tail reduction is crucial for understanding human evolution and congenital anomalies.