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Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Ultrasound Tissue Characterization of Human Achilles Tendon by Stability Quantification of Echo Patterns
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Apolipoprotein A1 distribution pattern in the human Achilles tendon.

J E Gaida1,2,3,4, H Alfredson5,6, A Scott7

  • 1University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise (UCRISE), Canberra, ACT, Australia.

Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports
|January 10, 2018
PubMed
Summary

This study found apolipoprotein A1 (Apo-A1) in human Achilles tendons, suggesting a link between cholesterol metabolism and tendinopathy. Apo-A1 presence was higher in affected tendons, potentially impacting tenocyte and blood vessel function.

Keywords:
Apo-A1HDL-Cimmunohistochemistryreverse cholesterol transporttendinopathytendon

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Orthopedics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Metabolic factors, particularly cholesterol, are implicated in Achilles tendinopathy development.
  • A direct morphological link between high cholesterol and tendinopathy remains unproven.
  • Apolipoprotein A1 (Apo-A1), crucial for cholesterol transport, has an unknown role in tendon tissue.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the presence and distribution of apolipoprotein A1 (Apo-A1) in normal and tendinopathy-affected human Achilles tendons.
  • To examine APOA1 mRNA production in cultured human hamstring tenocytes.
  • To explore the potential relationship between Apo-A1, cholesterol metabolism, and Achilles tendinopathy.

Main Methods:

  • Immunohistochemical analysis of Apo-A1 protein distribution in Achilles tendon biopsies.
  • Culture of human hamstring tenocytes to assess APOA1 mRNA expression.
  • Microscopic examination of Apo-A1 immunoreactivity patterns in tenocytes and vascular structures.

Main Results:

  • Apo-A1 protein was detected in human Achilles tendon tissue, including within tenocytes and blood vessel walls.
  • Tendinopathy specimens showed distinct Apo-A1 immunoreactivity patterns, often granular deposits within tenocytes, compared to control specimens.
  • Cultured tenocytes demonstrated APOA1 mRNA production, confirming cellular capacity for Apo-A1 synthesis.

Conclusions:

  • The presence of Apo-A1 in human Achilles tendons suggests a potential role in cholesterol metabolism related to tendinopathy.
  • Elevated Apo-A1 immunoreactivity in tendinopathy tissues indicates altered cholesterol handling.
  • Apo-A1 may be functionally significant for tenocyte and vascular health within the Achilles tendon.