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lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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Small interfering RNAs, or siRNAs, are short regulatory RNA molecules that can silence genes post-transcriptionally, as well as the transcriptional level in some cases. siRNAs are important for protecting cells against viral infections and silencing transposable genetic elements.
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PIWI-interacting RNAs, or piRNAs, are the most abundant short non-coding RNAs. More than 20,000 genes have been found in humans that code for piRNAs while only 2000 genes have been found for miRNAs. piRNAs can act at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels and have a vital role in silencing transposable elements present in germ cells. They are also involved in epigenetic silencing and activation. Previously, they were thought to function only in germ cells but new evidence suggests...
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Long noncoding RNAs and cancer, an overview.

Cristel V Camacho1, Ramesh Choudhari2, Shrikanth S Gadad3

  • 1Laboratory of Signaling and Gene Regulation, Cecil H. and Ida Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences and Division of Basic Reproductive Biology Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States.

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Summary

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play crucial roles in normal biology but are dysregulated in cancer. Understanding lncRNA functions in cancer offers new therapeutic targets and biomarkers.

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CancerLong noncoding RNAs

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are key regulators of gene expression in various biological processes.
  • lncRNAs exhibit tissue-specific expression under normal physiological conditions.
  • Aberrant lncRNA expression is a hallmark of many prevalent cancer types.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the critical roles of lncRNAs in cancer initiation and progression.
  • To highlight lncRNAs as potential biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and prognosis.
  • To discuss lncRNAs as therapeutic targets for cancer intervention.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on lncRNA function in cancer.
  • Analysis of gene expression data related to lncRNAs in various cancers.
  • Synthesis of current understanding of lncRNA-mediated gene regulation in tumorigenesis.

Main Results:

  • lncRNAs can promote or suppress tumor development by modulating oncogenic and tumor-suppressive gene expression.
  • Dysregulated lncRNAs contribute to hallmarks of cancer, such as uncontrolled proliferation and metastasis.
  • Specific lncRNAs have been identified as promising diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers.

Conclusions:

  • lncRNAs are integral to cancer biology, influencing initiation and progression.
  • Targeting lncRNAs presents a promising strategy for novel cancer therapies.
  • Further research into lncRNA mechanisms will enhance our understanding of cancer etiology and treatment.