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Digestion begins with a cephalic phase that prepares the digestive system to receive food. When our brain processes visual or olfactory information about food, it triggers impulses in the cranial nerves innervating the salivary glands and stomach to prepare for food.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Dissection, Culture and Analysis of Primary Cranial Neural Crest Cells from Mouse for the Study of Neural Crest Cell Delamination and Migration
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Cranial Neural Crest Transplants.

Hélène Cousin1

  • 1Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003 hcousin@vasci.umass.edu.

Cold Spring Harbor Protocols
|January 12, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Researchers describe a simple protocol for cranial neural crest (CNC) transplantation in Xenopus laevis. This technique allows in vivo assessment of CNC migration and gene function, distinguishing cell-autonomous effects.

Area of Science:

  • Developmental biology
  • Cell biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Cranial neural crest (CNC) cells are crucial for craniofacial development.
  • Understanding CNC cell migration and gene function is vital for developmental studies.
  • Existing methods like targeted injection have limitations in dissecting gene function context.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a straightforward protocol for cranial neural crest (CNC) transplantation in Xenopus laevis.
  • To enable in vivo analysis of CNC cell migration and differentiation.
  • To facilitate the characterization of gene function in a cell- or tissue-autonomous manner.

Main Methods:

  • Xenopus laevis embryos were used as the model organism.
  • Green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing CNC cells were transplanted.

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  • Grafting procedures were optimized for simplicity and efficacy.
  • Loss- or gain-of-function experiments were coupled with transplantation.

    • Main Results:

    • The described protocol allows for effective transplantation of CNC cells.
    • The technique enables direct visualization and tracking of CNC cell migration in vivo.
    • It provides a powerful tool to investigate gene function during CNC development.
    • The method helps determine if gene functions are cell-autonomous or influenced by surrounding tissues.

    Conclusions:

    • CNC transplantation in Xenopus laevis is a valuable technique for studying cell migration and gene function.
    • This method offers advantages over targeted injection for addressing specific research questions.
    • The protocol is accessible and can be widely adopted by researchers in developmental biology.