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Related Concept Videos

Coordination Number and Geometry02:57

Coordination Number and Geometry

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For transition metal complexes, the coordination number determines the geometry around the central metal ion. Table 1 compares coordination numbers to molecular geometry. The most common structures of the complexes in coordination compounds are octahedral, tetrahedral, and square planar.
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Coordination Compounds and Nomenclature02:54

Coordination Compounds and Nomenclature

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In most main group element compounds, the valence electrons of the isolated atoms combine to form chemical bonds that satisfy the octet rule. For instance, the four valence electrons of carbon overlap with electrons from four hydrogen atoms to form CH4. The one valence electron leaves sodium and adds to the seven valence electrons of chlorine to form the ionic formula unit NaCl (Figure 1a). Transition metals do not normally bond in this fashion. They primarily form coordinate covalent bonds, a...
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Lattice Centering and Coordination Number02:33

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The structure of a crystalline solid, whether a metal or not, is best described by considering its simplest repeating unit, which is referred to as its unit cell. The unit cell consists of lattice points that represent the locations of atoms or ions. The entire structure then consists of this unit cell repeating in three dimensions. The three different types of unit cells present in the cubic lattice are illustrated in Figure 1.
Types of Unit Cells
Imagine taking a large number of identical...
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Absolute Value Inequalities01:23

Absolute Value Inequalities

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The absolute value is a mathematical tool that represents the distance of a number from zero on the number line, regardless of its sign. In the context of inequalities, absolute value expressions help define a range of permissible values or boundaries for a variable. These inequalities are commonly used in scientific modeling and data interpretation, where variability within or beyond a certain threshold must be captured precisely.An absolute value inequality of the form ∣x∣ ≤...
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Mean Absolute Deviation01:13

Mean Absolute Deviation

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The mean absolute deviation is also a measure of the variability of data in a sample. It is the absolute value of the average difference between the data values and the mean.
Let us consider a dataset containing the number of unsold cupcakes in five shops: 10, 15, 8, 7, and 10. Initially, calculate the sample mean. Then calculate the deviation, or the difference, between each data value and the mean. Next, the absolute values of these deviations are added and divided by the sample size to...
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Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Characterization of Surface Modifications by White Light Interferometry: Applications in Ion Sputtering, Laser Ablation, and Tribology Experiments
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Subsurface metrology using scanning white light interferometry: absolute z coordinates deep inside displays.

Anton Nolvi, Ivan Kassamakov, Edward Hæggström

    Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, Image Science, and Vision
    |January 13, 2018
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Scanning white light interferometry provides fast, non-destructive 3D imaging for quality control. This method precisely measures display structures, enhancing manufacturing quality assurance for mobile devices.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Materials Science
    • Manufacturing Engineering

    Background:

    • Mobile devices with interactive displays are essential consumer products.
    • Efficient quality control (QC) is critical for competitiveness in display manufacturing.
    • Existing QC methods may lack the speed, precision, or non-destructive nature required for advanced displays.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To introduce a rapid and non-destructive 3D imaging technique for display quality control.
    • To demonstrate the application of scanning white light interferometry for analyzing display structures.
    • To improve the accuracy and cost-effectiveness of quality assurance in display manufacturing.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized scanning white light interferometry (SWLI) for 3D imaging.
    • Employed optical compensation and image stitching techniques.
    • Achieved high accuracy (nanometer-level) in the z-direction for 3D reconstructions.

    Main Results:

    • Generated sharp 3D images of internal display structures.
    • Quantified a height variation of 0.92±0.02 μm in the top glass assembly of a mobile device display.
    • Demonstrated the capability for rapid and cost-effective 3D metrology.

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed SWLI method offers a significant improvement for display quality assurance.
    • This technique enables precise, non-destructive inspection of microscale features in display manufacturing.
    • The findings support the integration of advanced optical metrology for enhanced product quality.