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In the field of psychology, there are several ways to organize measurements of a trait, feature, or characteristic (i.e., variables). Qualitative data, such as ethnicity, can be tabulated into a frequency count to provide information about the proportion, as well as the variety of groups in a sample or population. On the other hand, researchers can perform a wider set of calculations on quantitative data. The mean, mode, and median, for instance, are central tendency measures to identify a...
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Normalization of Deviation: Quotation Error in Human Factors.

Jordan Lock1, Chris Bearman1

  • 1Central Queensland University, Appleton Institute, Adelaide, South Australia.

Human Factors
|January 13, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Quotation errors in human factors research are common, with over 12% of examined citations being inaccurate. Systemic factors, not just individual mistakes, contribute to this issue, impacting scientific progress.

Keywords:
ChallengerVaughanacademicsnormalization of deviancequotation error

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Area of Science:

  • Human Factors
  • Scientific Communication
  • Research Integrity

Background:

  • Accurate quotation is fundamental for scientific progress and academic debate.
  • Quotation errors can undermine credibility and lead to flawed research foundations.
  • While observed in other fields, quotation error in human factors remains understudied.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the prevalence and nature of quotation error within the human factors domain.
  • To assess the accuracy and agreement of citations in published human factors research.
  • To explore potential systemic explanations for observed quotation errors.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of 187 extracts from 118 articles citing Vaughan's "The Challenger Launch Decision."
  • Categorization of extracts based on quotation accuracy and agreement with the source material.
  • Quantitative assessment of error rates and agreement levels.

Main Results:

  • 12.8% of the studied extracts were classified as inaccurate quotations.
  • A high agreement rate (96.3%) was found between the citations and the control article.
  • A two-by-two matrix illustrated the interplay between accuracy and agreement.

Conclusions:

  • Quotation error is a notable issue in human factors research.
  • Systemic factors, such as Vaughan's "normalization of deviance" theory, offer explanations beyond individual error.
  • Increased attention to quotation error and its systemic causes is warranted in human factors scholarship.